43 Lecture Presentation

Chapter 43
The Immune System
PowerPoint ® Lecture
Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright
Copyright©©2008
2008Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,publishing
publishingasasPearson
PearsonBenjamin
BenjaminCummings
Cummings
Overview: Reconnaissance, Recognition, and
Response
• Barriers help an animal to defend itself from the
many dangerous pathogens it may
encounter
• The immune system recognizes foreign
bodies and responds with the production of
immune cells and proteins
• Two major kinds of defense have evolved:
innate immunity and acquired immunity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-1
1.5 µm
• Innate immunity is present before any
exposure to pathogens and is effective from
the time of birth
• It involves nonspecific responses to pathogens
• Innate immunity consists of external barriers
plus internal cellular and chemical defenses

• Acquired immunity, or adaptive immunity,
develops after exposure to agents such as
microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances
• It involves a very specific response to
pathogens

Fig. 43-2
Pathogens
(microorganisms
and viruses)
INNATE IMMUNITY Barrier defenses:

Skin
• Recognition of traits Mucous membranes
shared by broad ranges Secretions
of pathogens, using a
small set of receptors
Internal defenses:
• Rapid response Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Natural killer cells
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Humoral response:

Antibodies defend against
• Recognition of traits infection in body fluids.
specific to particular
pathogens, using a vast Cell-mediated response:
array of receptors Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend
against infection in body cells.
• Slower response
Concept 43.1: In innate immunity, recognition and
response rely on shared traits of pathogens
• Both invertebrates and vertebrates depend on
innate immunity to fight infection
• Vertebrates also develop acquired immune
defenses

Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
• In insects, an exoskeleton made of chitin forms

the first barrier to pathogens
• The digestive system is protected by low pH
and lysozyme, an enzyme that digests
microbial cell walls
• Hemocytes circulate within hemolymph and
carry out phagocytosis, the ingestion and
digestion of foreign substances including
bacteria

Fig. 43-3
Microbes
PHAGOCYTIC CELL
Vacuole
Lysosome
containing
enzymes
• Hemocytes also secrete antimicrobial peptides
that disrupt the plasma membranes of
bacteria
•

Fig. 43-4
• The immune system recognizes bacteria and
fungi by structures on their cell walls
• An immune response varies with the class of
pathogen encountered

Fig. 43-5
RESULTS
100 Wild type
75
% survival
Mutant + drosomycin
50
Mutant Mutant + defensin
25
0
0 24 48 72 96 12
0
Hours post-infection
Fruit fly survival after infection by N. crassa fungi
100
75 Wild type Mutant +

% survival
defensin
50
Mutant + Mutant
25 drosomycin
0
0 24 48 72 96 12
0
Fruit fly survival after infection by M. luteus bacteria
Fig. 43-5a
RESULTS
1 Wild type
0
0
7
% survival
5 Mutant + drosomycin
5
0
Mutant Mutant + defensin
2
5
0
0 24 48 72 96 1
Hours post-infection 2
0
Fruit fly survival after infection by N. crassa fungi
Fig. 43-5b
RESULTS
100
75 Wild type Mutant +

% survival
defensin
50
Mutant + Mutant
25 drosomycin
0
0 24 48 72 96 120
Fruit fly survival after infection by M. luteus bacteria
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
• The immune system of mammals is the best

understood of the vertebrates
• Innate defenses include barrier defenses,
phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides
• Additional defenses are unique to vertebrates:
the inflammatory response and natural killer
cells

Barrier Defenses
• Barrier defenses include the skin and mucous

membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive tracts
• Mucus traps and allows for the removal of
microbes
• Many body fluids including saliva, mucus, and
tears are hostile to microbes
• The low pH of skin and the digestive system
prevents growth of microbes

Cellular Innate Defenses
• White blood cells (leukocytes) engulf

pathogens in the body
• Groups of pathogens are recognized by TLR,
Toll-like receptors
•
•

Fig. 43-6
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID Lipopolysaccharide
Helper
protein Flagellin
TLR4
WHITE
BLOOD
CELL
TLR5
VESICLE
TLR9
CpG
DNA
TLR3 Inflammatory
responses
ds RNA
• A white blood cell engulfs a microbe, then
fuses with a lysosome to destroy the microbe
• There are different types of phagocytic cells:
– Neutrophils engulf and destroy microbes
– Macrophages are part of the lymphatic
system and are found throughout the
body
– Eosinophils discharge destructive
enzymes
– Dendritic cells stimulate development of
acquired immunity
Fig. 43-7
Interstitial fluid
Adenoid
Tonsil
Blood
Lymph capillary
nodes
Spleen Tissue Lymphatic

cells vessel
Peyer’s patches
(small intestine)
Appendi
x
Lymphatic
vessels Lymph Masses of
node defensive cells
Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins
• Peptides and proteins function in innate

defense by attacking microbes directly or
impeding their reproduction
• Interferon proteins provide innate defense
against viruses and help activate
macrophages
• About 30 proteins make up the complement
system, which causes lysis of invading cells
and helps trigger inflammation
•

Inflammatory Responses
• Following an injury, mast cells release

histamine, which promotes changes in blood
vessels; this is part of the inflammatory
response
• These changes increase local blood supply
and allow more phagocytes and antimicrobial
proteins to enter tissues
• Pus, a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead
microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the
site of inflammation

Fig. 43-8-1
Pathogen Splinter
Chemica Macrophag
l e
Mast signals
cel
l Capillary
Red blood Phagocytic cell

cells
Fig. 43-8-2
Pathogen Splinter
Chemica Macrophag
l e Fluid
Mast signals
cel
l Capillary

cells
Fig. 43-8-3
Pathogen Splinter
Chemica Macrophag
l e Fluid
Mast signals
cel
l Capillary Phagocytosis

cells
• Inflammation can be either local or systemic
(throughout the body)
• Fever is a systemic inflammatory response
triggered by pyrogens released by
macrophages, and toxins from pathogens
• Septic shock is a life-threatening condition
caused by an overwhelming inflammatory
response
•

Natural Killer Cells
• All cells in the body (except red blood cells)

have a class 1 MHC protein on their surface
• Cancerous or infected cells no longer express
this protein; natural killer (NK) cells attack
these damaged cells

Innate Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
• Some pathogens avoid destruction by

modifying their surface to prevent recognition
or by resisting breakdown following
phagocytosis
• Tuberculosis (TB) is one such disease and kills
more than a million people a year

Concept 43.2: In acquired immunity, lymphocyte
receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
• White blood cells called lymphocytes
recognize and respond to antigens, foreign
molecules
• Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above
the heart are called T cells, and those that
mature in bone marrow are called B cells

• Lymphocytes contribute to immunological
memory, an enhanced response to a foreign
molecule encountered previously
• Cytokines are secreted by macrophages and
dendritic cells to recruit and activate
lymphocytes

Acquired Immunity: An Overview
• B cells and T cells have receptor proteins that

can bind to foreign molecules
• Each individual lymphocyte is specialized to
recognize a specific type of molecule

Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes
• An antigen is any foreign molecule to which a

lymphocyte responds
• A single B cell or T cell has about 100,000
identical antigen receptors

Fig. 43-9
Antigen- Antigen- Antigen-

binding binding site binding
site site
Disulfid
V
e
V
bridge
V
Variable
regions V V
C
C
C C Constant C C
regions
Light
chain
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
Heavy  chain  chain
chain Disulfide bridge
s
B cell Cytoplasm of B Cytoplasm of T cell T cell
cell
(a) B cell receptor (b) T cell receptor
Fig. 43-9a
Antigen- Antigen-
binding binding site
site
Disulfide
V
bridge
V
Variable
regions
C
C
Constant
C C
regions
Light
chain
Transmembran
e
region
Plasma
membrane
Heavy chains
B cell Cytoplasm of B cell
(a) B cell receptor

Fig. 43-9b
Antigen-
binding
site
Variable
regions V V
Constant C C
regions
Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane
 chain  chain
Disulfide bridge
Cytoplasm of T cell T cell
(b) T cell receptor

• All antigen receptors on a single lymphocyte
recognize the same epitope, or antigenic
determinant, on an antigen
• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which secrete
proteins called antibodies or
immunoglobulins
•

Fig. 43-10
Antigen-
binding Epitopes
sites (antigenic
determinants)
Antigen-binding
sites
Antibody A Antigen Antibody C

V
V
V
V
C
C
C C
Antibody B
The Antigen Receptors of B Cells and T Cells
• B cell receptors bind to specific, intact

antigens
• The B cell receptor consists of two identical
heavy chains and two identical light chains
• The tips of the chains form a constant (C)
region, and each chain contains a variable
(V) region, so named because its amino acid
sequence varies extensively from one B cell
to another

• Secreted antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are
structurally similar to B cell receptors but lack
transmembrane regions that anchor
receptors in the plasma membrane

• Each T cell receptor consists of two different
polypeptide chains
• The tips of the chain form a variable (V) region;
the rest is a constant (C) region
• T cells can bind to an antigen that is free or on
the surface of a pathogen
•
•

• T cells bind to antigen fragments presented on
a host cell
• These antigen fragments are bound to cell-
surface proteins called MHC molecules
• MHC molecules are so named because they
are encoded by a family of genes called the
major histocompatibility complex

The Role of the MHC
• In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and

transport antigen fragments to the cell
surface, a process called antigen
presentation
• A nearby T cell can then detect the antigen
fragment displayed on the cell’s surface
• Depending on their source, peptide antigens
are handled by different classes of MHC
molecules
•

Fig. 43-11
Top view: binding surface

exposed to antigen receptors
Antigen
Class I Antigen
MHC
molecule
Plasma
membrane of
infected cell
• Class I MHC molecules are found on almost
all nucleated cells of the body
• They display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T
cells

Fig. 43-12
Infected cell Microbe Antigen-

presenting
1 Antigen cell
associates
with MHC
molecule
Antigen
fragment Antigen
fragment
1
1
Class I MHC Class II MHC
molecule 2 molecule
2
T cell T cell
2 T cell receptor
receptor
recognizes
combination
(a) Cytotoxic T cell (b) Helper T cell

• Class II MHC molecules are located mainly on
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
• Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are
antigen-presenting cells that display
antigens to cytotoxic T cells and helper T
cells

Lymphocyte Development
• The acquired immune system has three

important properties:
– Receptor diversity
– A lack of reactivity against host cells
– Immunological memory


Generation of Lymphocyte Diversity by Gene
Rearrangement
• Differences in the variable region account for
specificity of antigen receptors
• The immunoglobulin (Ig) gene encodes one
chain of the B cell receptor
• Many different chains can be produced from
the same Ig chain gene by rearrangement of
the DNA
• Rearranged DNA is transcribed and translated
and the antigen receptor formed

Fig. 43-13
DNA of undifferentiated B cell
V37 V38 V39 V40 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 Intron C
1 DNA deleted between randomly selected V and J

segments
DNA of differentiated B cell
V37 V38 V39 J5 Intron C
Functional gene
2 Transcription
pre-mRNA V39 J5 Intron C
3 RNA processing
B cell receptor
mRNA Ca V39 J5 C Poly-A tail
p
V V
V V
4 Translation
C C
C C
Light-chain polypeptide V C
Variable Consta
region nt B cell
region
Origin of Self-Tolerance
• Antigen receptors are generated by random

rearrangement of DNA
• As lymphocytes mature in bone marrow or the
thymus, they are tested for self-reactivity
• Lymphocytes with receptors specific for the
body’s own molecules are destroyed by
apoptosis, or rendered nonfunctional
•

Amplifying Lymphocytes by Clonal Selection
• In the body there are few lymphocytes with

antigen receptors for any particular epitope
• The binding of a mature lymphocyte to an
antigen induces the lymphocyte to divide
rapidly
• This proliferation of lymphocytes is called
clonal selection
• Two types of clones are produced: short-lived
activated effector cells and long-lived
memory cells

Fig. 43-14
Antigen molecules
B cells that
differ in
antigen
specificity Antigen
receptor
Antibody
molecules
Clone of memory cells Clone of plasma cells

• The first exposure to a specific antigen
represents the primary immune response
• During this time, effector B cells called plasma
cells are generated, and T cells are
activated to their effector forms
• In the secondary immune response, memory
cells facilitate a faster, more efficient
response

Fig. 43-15
Primary immune response Secondary immune response to
to antigen A produces antigen A produces antibodies to A;
antibodies to A. primary immune response to
antigen
B produces antibodies to B.
104
Antibody concentration
(arbitrary units)
103
Antibodies
to A
102 Antibodies
to B
101
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Exposure Exposure to
to antigen A antigens A and B
Time (days)
Concept 43.3: Acquired immunity defends against
infection of body cells and fluids
• Acquired immunity has two branches: the
humoral immune response and the cell-
mediated immune response
• Humoral immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of B cells,
resulting in production of secreted antibodies
• Cell-mediated immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T
cells
• Helper T cells aid both responses

Fig. 43-16
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune Cell-mediated immune response
response
Key
Antigen (1st
exposure) + Stimulates
Engulfed by Gives rise
to
Antigen-
+ presenting cell +
B cell + Helper T cell Cytotoxic T cell

+
Memory
Helper T cells
+ + +
Antigen (2nd
exposure)
+ Memory Active
Plasma cells Memory B Cytotoxic T Cytotoxic T
cells cells cells
Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens, Defend against intracellular pathogens
thereby neutralizing pathogens or making them better targets and cancer by binding to and lysing
for phagocytes and complement proteins. the
infected cells or cancer cells.
Fig. 43-16a
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response
Key Antigen (1st
+ Stimulates exposure)
Engulfed by
Gives rise to
Antigen-
+ presenting cell
B cell Helper T
+ cell
Memory
Helper T cells
+ +
Antigen (2nd
Memory exposure)
Plasma cells +
B cells
Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular

pathogens
Fig. 43-16b
Cell-mediated immune
response
Antigen (1st Key
exposure) + Stimulates
Engulfed by
Gives rise to
Antigen-
presenting cell
+
Helper T Cytotoxic T cell

cell +
Memory
Helper T cells
+ +
Antigen (2nd
exposure) Active
+ Cytotoxic T cells
Memory
Cytotoxic T cells
Defend against intracellular pathogens

Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All Antigens
• A surface protein called CD4 binds the class II

MHC molecule
• This binding keeps the helper T cell joined to
the antigen-presenting cell while activation
occurs
• Activated helper T cells secrete cytokines that
stimulate other lymphocytes

Fig. 43-17
Antigen-
presenting Peptide antigen
cell
Bacterium
Class II MHC molecule

CD4
TCR (T cell receptor)
Helper T
cell
Cytokines +
Humoral +
immunity Cell-
(secretion of mediate
+ + d
antibodies by
plasma cells) B cell immunity
Cytotoxic T cell
(attack on
infected
cells)
Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Cells
• Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in cell-

mediated immune response
• Cytotoxic T cells make CD8, a surface protein
that greatly enhances interaction between a
target cell and a cytotoxic T cell
• Binding to a class I MHC complex on an
infected cell activates a cytotoxic T cell and
makes it an active killer
• The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins
that destroy the infected target cell

Fig. 43-18-1
Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Granzymes
CD8 TCR
Class I
MHC
molecule
Target Peptide
cell antigen
Fig. 43-18-2
Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Granzymes
CD8 TCR
Class I Pore
MHC
molecule
Target Peptide
cell antigen
Fig. 43-18-3
Released cytotoxic T cell

Cytotoxic T cell
Perforin
Granzymes
CD8 TCR Dying target cell

Class I Pore
MHC
molecule
Target Peptide
cell antigen
B Cells: A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
• The humoral response is characterized by

secretion of antibodies by B cells
• Activation of B cells is aided by cytokines and
antigen binding to helper T cells
• Clonal selection of B cells generates antibody-
secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of
humoral immunity

Fig. 43-19
Antigen-presenting cell Bacterium
Peptide B cell
antigen
Class II MHC
molecule + Clone of plasma cells Secreted
antibody
TCR CD4 Cytokines molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell
Activated
Helper T cell helper T cell Clone of memory
B cells
2 µm
Fig. 43-19-1
Peptide
antigen
Class II
MHC
molecule
TC CD4
R
Helper T
cell
Fig. 43-19-2
Peptide B
antigen c
e
l
l
Class II
MHC +
molecule
TC CD4 Cytokines
R
Activated
Helper T helper T cell
cell
Fig. 43-19-3
Peptide B
antigen c
e
l
l
Class II
MHC + Clone of plasma Secreted
molecule cells antibody
TC CD4 Cytokines molecules
R
Activated
Helper T helper T cell Clone of memory
cell B cells
Fig. 43-19a
Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell
2 µm
Antibody Classes
• The five major classes of antibodies, or

immunoglobulins, differ in distribution and
function
• Polyclonal antibodies are the products of many
different clones of B cells following exposure
to a microbial antigen
• Monoclonal antibodies are prepared from a
single clone of B cells grown in culture

Fig. 43-20
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody) Distribution Function
IgM First Ig class Promotes

(pentamer) produced after neutraliz
initial exposure to a-
antigen; then its tion and cross-
concentration in linking of antigens;
the blood declines very effective in
complement system
J chain activation
IgG Most abundant Ig Promotes opsoniza-

(monomer class in blood; tion, neutralization,
) also present in and cross-linking of
tissue fluids antigens; less effec-
tive in activation of
complement system
than IgM
Only Ig class that

crosses placenta,
thus conferring
passive immunity
on fetus
IgA Present in Provides localized

(dimer) secretions such defense of mucous
as tears, saliva, membranes by
mucus, and cross-linking and
breast milk neutralization of
J chain antigens
Presence in breast
milk confers
Secretory passive immunity
component on nursing infant
IgE Present in blood Triggers release from

(monomer at low concen- mast cells and
) trations basophils of hista-
mine and other
chemicals that cause
allergic reactions
IgD Present primarily Acts as antigen

(monomer on surface of receptor in the
) B cells that have antigen-stimulated
not been exposed proliferation and
to antigens differentiation of
B cells (clonal
Trans- selection)
membrane
region
Fig. 43-20a
Class of Immuno-
Distribution Function
globulin (Antibody)
IgM First Ig class Promotes neutraliza-

(pentamer) produced after tion and cross-
initial exposure to linking of antigens;
antigen; then its very effective in
concentration in complement system
the blood declines activation
J chain
Fig. 43-20b
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgG Most abundant Ig Promotes opsoniza-

(monomer) class in blood; tion, neutralization,
also present in and cross-linking of
tissue fluids antigens; less effec-
tive in activation of
complement system
than IgM
Only Ig class that

crosses placenta,
thus conferring
passive immunity
on fetus
Fig. 43-20c
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgA Present in Provides localized

(dimer) secretions such defense of mucous
as tears, saliva, membranes by
mucus, and cross-linking and
J chain breast milk neutralization of
antigens
Presence in breast
milk confers
Secretory passive immunity
component on nursing infant
Fig. 43-20d
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgE Present in blood Triggers release from

(monomer) at low concen- mast cells and
trations basophils of hista-
mine and other
chemicals that cause
allergic reactions
Fig. 43-20e
Class of Immuno-
globulin (Antibody)
IgD Present primarily Acts as antigen

(monomer) on surface of receptor in the
B cells that have antigen-stimulated
not been exposed proliferation and
to antigens differentiation of
B cells (clonal
Trans- selection)
membrane
region
The Role of Antibodies in Immunity
• Neutralization occurs when a pathogen can no

longer infect a host because it is bound to an
antibody
• Opsonization occurs when antibodies bound to
antigens increase phagocytosis
• Antibodies together with proteins of the
complement system generate a membrane
attack complex and cell lysis
•

Fig. 43-21
Viral neutralization Opsonization Activation of complement system and pore formation

Bacterium
Complement proteins
Virus
Formation of
membrane
attack complex
Flow of water
Macrophage and ions
Pore
Foreign
cell
Fig. 43-21a
Viral neutralization
Virus
Fig. 43-21b
Opsonization
Bacterium
Macrophage
Fig. 43-21c
Activation of complement system and pore formation
Complement proteins
Formation of
membrane
attack complex
Flow of water
and ions
Pore
Foreign
cell
Active and Passive Immunization
• Active immunity develops naturally in

response to an infection
• It can also develop following immunization,
also called vaccination
• In immunization, a nonpathogenic form of a
microbe or part of a microbe elicits an
immune response to an immunological
memory

• Passive immunity provides immediate, short-
term protection
• It is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the
placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA
passes from mother to infant in breast milk
• It can be conferred artificially by injecting
antibodies into a nonimmune person

Fig. 43-22
Immune Rejection
• Cells transferred from one person to another

can be attacked by immune defenses
• This complicates blood transfusions or the
transplant of tissues or organs

Blood Groups
• Antigens on red blood cells determine whether

a person has blood type A (A antigen), B (B
antigen), AB (both A and B antigens), or O
(neither antigen)
• Antibodies to nonself blood types exist in the
body
• Transfusion with incompatible blood leads to
destruction of the transfused cells
• Recipient-donor combinations can be fatal or
safe

Tissue and Organ Transplants
• MHC molecules are different among genetically

nonidentical individuals
• Differences in MHC molecules stimulate
rejection of tissue grafts and organ
transplants

• Chances of successful transplantation increase
if donor and recipient MHC tissue types are
well matched
• Immunosuppressive drugs facilitate
transplantation
• Lymphocytes in bone marrow transplants may
cause the donor tissue to reject the recipient

Concept 43.4: Disruption in immune system
function can elicit or exacerbate disease
• Some pathogens have evolved to diminish the
effectiveness of host immune responses

Exaggerated, Self-Directed, and Diminished
Immune Responses
• If the delicate balance of the immune system is
disrupted, effects range from minor to often
fatal
•

Allergies
• Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive)

responses to antigens called allergens
• In localized allergies such as hay fever, IgE
antibodies produced after first exposure to an
allergen attach to receptors on mast cells

Fig. 43-23
IgE
Histamine
Allergen
Granule
Mast cell
• The next time the allergen enters the body, it
binds to mast cell–associated IgE molecules
• Mast cells release histamine and other
mediators that cause vascular changes
leading to typical allergy symptoms
• An acute allergic response can lead to
anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening
reaction that can occur within seconds of
allergen exposure

Autoimmune Diseases
• In individuals with autoimmune diseases, the

immune system loses tolerance for self and
turns against certain molecules of the body
• Autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus
erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus, and multiple
sclerosis

Fig. 43-24
Exertion, Stress, and the Immune System
• Moderate exercise improves immune system

function
• Psychological stress has been shown to disrupt
hormonal, nervous, and immune systems

Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Inborn immunodeficiency results from

hereditary or developmental defects that
prevent proper functioning of innate,
humoral, and/or cell-mediated defenses
• Acquired immunodeficiency results from
exposure to chemical and biological agents
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is caused by a virus

Acquired Immune System Evasion by Pathogens
• Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to attack

immune responses

Antigenic Variation
• Through antigenic variation, some pathogens

are able to change epitope expression and
prevent recognition
• The human influenza virus mutates rapidly, and
new flu vaccines must be made each year
• Human viruses occasionally exchange genes
with the viruses of domesticated animals
• This poses a danger as human immune
systems are unable to recognize the new
viral strain

Fig. 43-25
1.5 Antibodies to Antibodies to Antibodies to

variant 1 variant 2 variant 3
appear appear appear
Millions of parasites
per mL of blood
1.0
Variant 1 Variant 2 Variant 3
0.5
0
25 26 27 28
Weeks after infection
Latency
• Some viruses may remain in a host in an

inactive state called latency
• Herpes simplex viruses can be present in a
human host without causing symptoms

Attack on the Immune System: HIV
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects

helper T cells
• The loss of helper T cells impairs both the
humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses and leads to AIDS
• HIV eludes the immune system because of
antigenic variation and an ability to remain
latent while integrated into host DNA
•

Fig. 43-26
Latency AIDS
Relative antibody
concentration
800
Helper T cell concentration
in blood (cells/mm3)
Relative HIV
600 concentration
Helper T cell
concentration
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years after untreated infection
• People with AIDS are highly susceptible to
opportunistic infections and cancers that take
advantage of an immune system in collapse
• The spread of HIV is a worldwide problem
• The best approach for slowing this spread is
education about practices that transmit the
virus

Cancer and Immunity
• The frequency of certain cancers increases

when the immune response is impaired
• Two suggested explanations are
– Immune system normally suppresses
cancerous cells
– Increased inflammation increases the risk of
cancer

Fig. 43-UN1
Stem cell
Cell division and gene rearrangement
Elimination of
self-reactive
B cells
Antigen
Clonal selection
Formation of activated cell populations

Antibody
Memory cells Effector B cells
Microbe
Receptors bind to antigens

Fig. 43-UN2
You should now be able to:
1.Distinguish between innate and acquired

immunity
2.Name and describe four types of phagocytic
cells
3.Describe the inflammation response

4.Distinguish between the following pairs of
terms: antigens and antibodies; antigen and
epitope; B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes;
antibodies and B cell receptors; primary and
secondary immune responses; humoral and
cell-mediated response; active and passive
immunity
5.Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
recognize specific antigens
6.Explain why the antigen receptors of
lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity

7.Describe clonal selection and distinguish
between effector cells and memory cells
8.Describe the cellular basis for immunological
memory
9.Explain how a single antigen can provoke a
robust humoral response
10.Compare the processes of neutralization and
opsonization

11.Describe the role of MHC in the rejection of
tissue transplants
12.Describe an allergic reaction, including the
roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine
13.Describe some of the mechanisms that
pathogens have evolved to thwart the
immune response of their hosts
14.List strategies that can reduce the risk of HIV
transmission

43 Lecture Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

43 Lecture Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 43

The Immune System

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

INNATE IMMUNITY Barrier defenses:

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Humoral response:

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• In insects, an exoskeleton made of chitin forms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

100 Wild type

75 Wild type Mutant +

75 Wild type Mutant +

• The immune system of mammals is the best

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Barrier defenses include the skin and mucous

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• White blood cells (leukocytes) engulf

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Spleen Tissue Lymphatic

• Peptides and proteins function in innate

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Following an injury, mast cells release

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Red blood Phagocytic cell

Red blood Phagocytic cell

Red blood Phagocytic cell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• All cells in the body (except red blood cells)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Some pathogens avoid destruction by

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• B cells and T cells have receptor proteins that

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• An antigen is any foreign molecule to which a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Antigen- Antigen- Antigen-

B cell Cytoplasm of B cell

(a) B cell receptor

(b) T cell receptor

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Antibody A Antigen Antibody C

• B cell receptors bind to specific, intact

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• In infected cells, MHC molecules bind and

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Top view: binding surface

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Infected cell Microbe Antigen-

(a) Cytotoxic T cell (b) Helper T cell

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• The acquired immune system has three

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1 DNA deleted between randomly selected V and J