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 ½
 A part of electronic circuit of Tx & Rx.
 Consists of R, L, C.
 Antenna = 
  u converts elect. energy to EM one.
 ›unctions½
 º   .
 Ñow does the antenna work?
 At Tx,½ Radio freq is developed, amplified, modulated &
applied to the antenna.
 At Rx½ intercept, filter, demodulated.
 In order to receive adequate power, Pt should be high
or high efficiency of transmitting & receiving bcoƞs of
loss.
16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 2

  
(Cont)
  ½ to transfer energy from atmosphere to its
receiver with the same efficiency with which it transfers
energy from transmitter into atmosphere.
 r applied for tx antenna is the same for Rx one.
 r! is the direction of E, the same as antenna
physical configuration.
 Receiver signal strength of an antenna is expressed in
electric field strength. E.g. If received signal induces 10*V
in antenna 2m => the field strength =10/2=5 *V/m.
 Received field strength =@ (distance from transmitter).
 is a function

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 3

Ñ !
 
 Def½ any antenna having 
  "
r
of the applied f.
  = forward radiator.
 2ther name of ÑA½ r
  .
 ÑA is usually separated at the center by an
insulator & fed by balanced Tx line.
 ÑA applied for #
! bcoƞs f<2Mhz =>
Antenna too large.
 Example½ f=60hz => r=3100miles =>
r/2=1550miles !!!!

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 4

Ñ
$ % & 
 2 open wire tx line has -ve½ excessive
radiation at ћ bcoƞs perfect tx line has no
loss.
 But½ 2-wire tx to be adequate tx medium at
extremely ћ. It can be effective antenna.
 => Good understanding basic and theory of
Antenna => analyzing the open r/4 wave tx.

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 5

Ñ
' % & (Cont)
 we want½ having max radiation from antenna
=> all energy applied to the antenna would
be converted to EMwaves & radiated.
 This is not possible for two-wire tx line with
length=Õ/4 bcoƞs the magnetic field
surrounding each conductor of the line is
direction that opposes the lines of the force
about the other conductor. => modified= Õ/4
dipole.
16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 6
 Ñ
' % & (Cont)
 Max radiation from antenna => applied energy =>
EM wave
 The max radiation is not possible with 2-wire tx bcoƞs
magnetic field surrounding the wires has opposite
direction force line.
 Small mod. by bending each 90o => r/2 antenna.
  , near field (10 r) and far field
(beyond 10r). Pmax
 Radiation pattern (›ig.14.4,5,[1]). Pmax/2
  &(½ the angle of u3dB.

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 7


 º
 Def½ a measure of how much more power in dB an
ant. will radiate in certain direction with respect to
that which would be radiated by a reference antenna
i.e an isotropic point source or dipole.
 GÑA=2.15dB compared to isotropic radiator.
 Ideal isotropic radiator can not realized, so r/2 dipole
ant. is used as standard.
 with respect to isotropic½ G in dBi; to dipole½ G in
dBd.
 GdBi u GdBd = 2.15dB

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 8

r
 ffective adiated rower½ ERP=G x Pin
 Example½ G=7, Pin=1kw => ERP= 7kw.

 Power received½ — — r



 
Pt & Pr in w; Gt & Gr u antenna gain (not in
dB); d & Õ in m.
 Example½ 14.1[1]

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 9

 


 Def½ the portion of an antenna input impedance
that results in power radiated into space, Rr.
 Rr= P/I2 where I is rms value of antenna current in
[A], P u total radiated power in [w], Rr in â.
 Rr is not R of the conductors that form the ant.
 Rr is an effective R that related to the power radiated
by the antenna.
 Ant. Efficiency½ | = Ptransmitted/Pinput
= Rr/(Rr+Rd) = Rr/Rt
Rt u Total resistance.
Rd u Discharge, expressing the loss of high powered
transmitter in imperfect dielectric & others.

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 10

 
 | 

 In the free space (not affect of the
ground and others reflection), at the
current maximum½
 Rr of the r/2antenna =73 .
 Rr of the r/4 antenna = 36.6 .
 Refer to ›ig.14-6[1].

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 11

º 

 Ñeight of the antenna above the ground
changes Rr bcoƞs reflections that
intercept the antenna & alter the
amount of ant. current flowing (Refer to
eq. Rr).
 The actual change in Rr is shown in ›ig.
14-7[1] (Rr of the horizontal, vertical,
and r/2 ant.).
16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 12
  )
r
| 
 Antenna is  %  isolated completely from
surrounding objects => the physical (practical) L~ as
95% of the calculated electrical L (in free space =
theoretical value).
 Example½ Build r/2 dipole to receive a 100MÑz
brocast. Determine Lopt.
 Sol½ r=c/f => r=3m => r/2 =1.5m,
Lph=1.5 x 0.95 = 1.43m
 The practical Eq. Lprac= 468/f(Mhz) in feet.
 In the case, L is not opt (LƽLopt) => Zinput is a
capacitive cirt. if L <Lopt antenna; and Zinput is a
inductive cirt. if L> Lopt ant.

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 13

 
 Def.½ The    in antenna gain
in dB from the forward to the reverse
direction (›ig. 14-17,[1]).
 Example½ In forward Gf=12 dB, in
reverse Gr=3dB so the ›/B ratio is 9dB.

16 August 2006 Du Dinh Vien 14