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Miller Indices
(l,m,n) are a way of
denoting planes in
crystal lattices.
The Fermi Energy (Level) is the energy of the highest occupied state.
rand Theory
The rand Gap influences the electrical and optical properties of the
material. Semiconductor ´dopingµ can be used to create solar cell
(PV), diodes, transistors, etc.
Some semiconducting
materials and associated
bandgaps (eV)
n-type semiconductors result
from the addition of
pentavalent impurities like
phosphorus, arsenic and
antimony. These donors
contribute ´extraµ electrons.
In Chapter 11 we
will cover only the
cubic systems, sc,
fcc, and bcc.
Sides:
a=b=c
Angles
|= = °
. A: rody-centered cubic (bcc) r: Simple cubic (sc)
Contributions of Atoms to Cubic Unit Cells
Position of Atoms in Contribution to Unit
Unit-Cell Type
Unit Cell Cell
Center 1 bcc
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Example Problem:
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Metallic Crystals
can be thought to
form via an efficient
packing scheme«
Stacking Patterns
A crystalline solid is made of an ordered array of
atoms, ions, or molecules.
Hexagonal closest-packed (hcp) describes a crystal
structure in which the layers of atoms or ions in
hexagonal unit cell have an a-b-a-b-a-b stacking
pattern.
Cubic closest packed (ccp) describes a crystal
structure in which the layers of atoms, ions, or
molecules in face-centered cubic unit cells have an
a-b-c-a-b-c-a-b-c stacking pattern.
Fig. 10.6: Two efficient ways to pack particles together in a crystal
structure are hexagonal closest packed (A, hcp) and cubic closest
packed (r, ccp). The difference is in the third layer. In hcp the third
layer sits directly above the first layer (ababab«). In ccp the third layer
is different from the other two (abcabcabc«). The VaCl crystal
structure contains a cubic closest packed arrangement of chloride
ions.
Fig. 10.13b: Cubic closest packed structure
Hexagonal closest packed structure
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Fig. 10.8: The location of the octahedral holes occupied by
sodium ions are shown by the X·s.
Fig. 10.9: The ´Xµ marks the location of the tetrahedral holes in a
face centered cubic unit cell
Fig. 10.10: The mineral
sphalerite (ZnS) is based on
a fcc arrangement of S2- ions
with four Zn2+ ions in
tetrahedral holes.
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Atomic Size Ratios and the Location of Atoms in Unit Cells
Carbon
Designation Properties Used to Make
Content (%)
Construction
0.20 - 0.49 Medium Carbon High strength
girders
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Yra2Cu3O7 ceramic is
superconducting at
77K (just above liquid
nitrogen·s boiling
point).
The ceramic is
structure is called a
perovskite unit cell.
Yttrium-barium-copper Oxides
These and related
materials behave as
superconductors
because of the
formation of electron
pairs called Cooper
pairs.
X-ray Diffraction
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique for
determining the arrangement of atoms or ion in a
crystal by analyzing the pattern that results when X-
rays are scattered after bombarding the crystal.
The rragg equation relates the angle of diffraction
(2s) of X-rays to the spacing (d) between the layers
of ions or atoms in a crystal: n 2dsins.
Structure Determination
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