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different times
m Needs time synchronization
m Pros
à users can be given different amounts of bandwidth
à mobiles can use idle times to determine best base station
à can switch off power when not transmitting
m 6ons
à synchronization overhead
à greater problems with multipath interference on wireless
links
m uiming problems require a mechanism to synchronize the
transmitter and receiver
m uwo solutions exist
à Asynchronous
à Synchronous
m oth methods are concerned with timing issues
m How does the receiver know when the bit period begins
and ends?
m Small timing difference becomes more significant over time
if no synchronization takes place between sender and
receiver
m Synchronization occurs on the data link layer
m dsed in serial m uiming needed only within
communication each character
m Data transmitted 1 m Resynchronization is
character at a time accomplished with each
m 6haracter format is usually start bit
1 start & 1+ stop bits, plus m dses simple, cheap
data of 5-8 bits technology
m 6haracter may include m Wastes 20-30% of
parity bit bandwidth
m dsed in parallel m Data framed by preamble
communication (opening)/ postamble
m Large blocks of bits (closing) bit patterns
transmitted without m More efficient than
start/stop codes asynchronous
m Synchronized by a clock m Overhead typically below
signal or clocking data 5%
m dsed at higher speeds than
asynchronous
m Low-speed terminals and P6s commonly use
asynchronous transmission
à inexpensive
m Large systems and networks commonly use
synchronous transmission
à overhead too expensive; efficiency necessary
à error-checking more important
m uHE ADVAN6ED 6OMMdNI6AuION SYSuEM IS
VASuLY dSED NOWADAYS