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CONTROLS
H2O
Water
OH
Hydroxyl Ion
Hydrogen Ion
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1 Mole = 6 x
Hydrogen Ions
23 10
Hydrogen Ions
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1 Mole = 6 x
Hydrogen Ions
23 10
Hydrogen Ions
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1 Mole = 6 x
Hydrogen Ions
23 10
Hydrogen Ions
Water 6 x 1023
H2O
+ H
Hydrogen Ion
OH
Hydroxyl Ion
6 x 1016
6 x 1016
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Mathematical Definition
pH = log10 1 = -log10 H+ H+
Therefore:
pH = -log10 (10-7) = 7
pH means pondus Hydrogenii or Hydrogen Exponent
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Logarithmic Nature of pH
Because the pH scale is a logarithmic the change in concentration is also logarithmic. This makes controlling pH in a process more difficult because of the large concentration difference between pH units as seen in the chart on the next slide. The concentration difference in one pH unit is a factor of 10 and 2 pH units a factor of 100. Therefore, when controlling pH it is suggested that one pump or valve can only control accurately to 3 pH units. 3 pH unit is a factor of 1000 and most pumps or valves do not exceed an accuracy of a 1000 to 1 injection capability.
pH 6 7 8
pH Change
Concentration Change
1 2
10 100
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H+ 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 0.00000001 0.000000001 0.0000000001 0.00000000001 0.000000000001 0.0000000000001 0.00000000000001
OH0.00000000000001 0.0000000000001 0.000000000001 0.00000000001 0.0000000001 0.000000001 0.00000001 0.0000001 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10-14 10
-13
pOH 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10-2 10-3 10
-4
10-12 10-11 10
-10
10-11 1012 10
-13
10-3 10-2 10
-1
10-14
100
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Glass Stem
Reference Wire
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
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The glass membrane itself is not limited to any configuration or shape; its only requirement is contact with solution. Therefore, different styles of glass electrodes have evolved to maximize pH sensing ability and extend longevity in some of the more difficult applications.
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Te perature vs esistance
1000
100
10
Fro the above graph it is evident that as the te perature increases the conductivity of the glass also increase, which is why thick glass are sluggish at a bient te peratures but very responsive when the te perature increases.
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Wood
Resists Clogging High Surface Area Effective liquid transport across wood Higher Junction Potential Lower Chemical and Temperature Resistance
Porous Plastic
Good for high Temperature and high pH High Surface Area Higher Junction Potential
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pH Electrode Response
What is the output from a pH electrode based on the potential difference discussed? The relationship between pH and potential is millivolts (mV) and is a linear relationship as seen below. At 25C an electrode the is 100% efficient will output 59.16 mV per pH unit
millivolts per pH
500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pH 9 10 11 12 13 14
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The pH Scale
When discussing pH it is important to understand the relationships the are present in the pH scale which can become confusing. pH is the concentration of Hydrogen Ions expressed in Logarithmic terms by a linear millivolt scale. However, understanding this relationship will help control pH in the plant very effectively.
pH
millivolts (mV)
6 7 8
59.16 0 -59.16
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The Basics of pH
pH is the -log of Hydrogen Ion Concentration A pH electrode works like a battery Glass measures potential difference Reference is the other half of the battery Different Styles of Glass Available Different Junction Materials Available Temperature will affect electrode response Slope is an indication of glass performance Offset is an indication of reference contamination
1.0 2004 IC C
LS