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Dr.

Ramesh Bansal
School oI InIormation Technology and Electrical
Engineering, Axon Bldg, 47/212
University oI Queensland, St Lucia, 4072
bansal(itee.uq.edu.au
Ph: 33653394
< The main Iunction oI relay is to discriminate Iault within its
zone oI protection. It must energize the trip coil oI the CB and
provide security against Ialse tripping Ior Iaults outside the
zones.
< Basic relay types most commonly used in power system are:
< Over current relays: induction & micro processor type
< Directional relays
< Impedance (distance) relays or modiIied impedance relays
< DiIIerential relays: Gen., Trans.,
< Bucholz Relay (TransIormer Protection)
< Pilot relays
< Over Current Relay Co-ordination
2
< This relay operates when current magnitude exceeds a
certain value. II Iault current is 'I
I
' and 'I
p
' is pickup
value oI relay, Relay will have Iollowing operation
< ' I
I
' ~ ' I
p
' trip (relay trips circuit breaker)
< ' I
I
' ' I
p
' block (relay does not trip circuit breaker)
< The pick up value oI current is adiustable.
3
< Traditionally the overcurrent relays uses the magnetic
induction principle.
< These days however they are constructed using
microprocessors.
4
5
Typical nduction (mechanical type) relay
< It contains a magnetic core and an aluminum disk.
< An ac signal, when applied to the coil, will produce a magnetic
Iield that is perpendicular to the conducting aluminum disk.
< Interaction with the magnetic Iield will occur in order to
produce a torque on the disk.
< The rotation oI the disk is restricted by a spiral spring by pulling
the movable contact a back against the stop.
< hen the input current exceeds the pick up current, the movable
contact travels over an angle o to meet the Iixed contact b.
< The greater the coil current, the greater is the torque resulting in
rapid disk rotation.

< ThereIore the operating time oI the relay is inversely


proportional to the level oI the Iault current
(t prop1/I
2
).
< This relay is also reIerred to as inverse deIinite
minimum time (IDMT) relay

an inverse characteristic
< The operating characteristics oI the relay are deIined in
terms oI the Iollowing two quantities:
Current tap setting (CTS): The pickup current (Ip) in A.
Time dial setting (TDS): The adiustable time delay amount.
< The pickup time oI an overcurrent relay can be deIined as
TDS B
M
A
t
p
p
-

'
+

'

=
1
tp is the pickup or operating time
M is |I
f
| / |I
p
|
A, B and p are constants and vary with the nature of the
relay curve.
.

< Usually three types oI curves are available moderate inverse,


very high inverse and extreme inverse.
< For extreme inverse e.g., A 28.2, B 0.1217 and p 2.0.
< The curves shown are Ior various values oI time dial setting.
< These curves allow diIIerent time delay adiustments relay
coordination.
< For example, let us assume that the Iault current 1 is 2 A. Then
iI we choose CTS (
p
) oI 1 A, then M will be 2.
< Then Ior TDS oI 0.5, the operating time will be 5 s, while TDS
oI 2, it will be 19 s.
< To reduce the operating time, we can increase the value oI M
by reducing the pickup current.

Arreva P14x Schwietzer SEL351A.

< hen the system becomes


complex time delay coordination
of overcurrent relays may
become too complicated.
< Let us assume that there is a Iault at
point .
< e would like the circuit breakers
B13 and B31 to clear the Iault such
that no other bus gets aIIected.
< However both B31 and B32 will
sense the Iault current.
< Now iI breaker B31 is Iaster than
B32, then the operation will be as
desired.
2
< However, iI B32 is Iaster than B31, it will trip Iirst,
Iollowed by a tripping oI B31.
< This will cause loss oI power in bus-3.
< To avoid this problem, let us choose B32 to operate
slower than B31.
< UnIortunately however, this will cause B31 to operate
beIore B32 Ior a Iault at point .
< It is thereIore very diIIicult to coordinate overcurrent
relays in such a system without losing a bus.
3
< In some application zone oI relay includes power system that
is situated in one direction Irom relay location. For example
with reIerence to power system oI Figure below, the relay R
21
will operate Ior Iault to the leIt oI bus 2 (current, I
12
) and will
block Ior Iault to the right oI bus 2 (current I
21
)
4
5
< Consider the power system
shown.
< The directions oI the voltage '
T
and current are as shown.
< The directional relay is a 2-
input relay as shown in the
Iigure.
W efine the voltage '
%
to the reference voltage |'|\H.
W oting that the line is mostly inductive, the current I is given
by
\ = \
+
=
+
H \
=

#
'
#
'

1
2 2
tan
0

< ote that tan

(#).
< hen # , this angle will be H.
< or a finite # ratio, this angle will be around
Hprovided that the direction of the current is as shown.
W or a fault in point P
2
, the current will lag the voltage.
W or a fault at point P

, the direction of the current will


reverse.
W ence the current will lead the voltage by around H.
W Therefore this relay will block a fault at point P

while it
will trip for a fault at point P
2
.

< During a Iault, the voltage dips and current increases.


< Relay operates Ior Iaults within a certain distance oI
location. The zone oI protection is thus a region such
that the length oI the line is less than Z
r,
where ' Z
r
'
impedance setting oI the relay. Impedance can be
expressed in terms oI ratio oI voltage and current.
< Consider a 2-input relay with:
CT current and
PT voltage '
T
< The impedance will be '
T
/
< ThereIore the relay operating relationship
block then elseiI
then trip II
r
r

< Since # , the relay


operating region is a circle.
< Under normal operating
condition, will have a very large
magnitude and an arbitrary phase
angle and will be outside the
circle '
r
'.
< Once the Iault occurs resulting in
increase oI current and decrease
oI voltage, the impedance will
move inside the circle '
r
' and the
relay will trip.
This reIay does not have a
direction capabiIity.

< A simple modiIication to the


impedance relay.
< The circle '
r
', without being
centered at the origin, can be
oIIset by an amount @.
< This produces the
characteristics oI an oIIset
impedance relay.
< This relay trip and block
relations can then be given as
block then elseiI
then trip II
r
r

2
< The Iactor @introduces a direction component to this
relay.
< For example, iI the zonal protection chosen is such that
an impedance lie in the 3rd quadrant, the relay will
block the Iault.
< This was not possible by a pure impedance relay.
< In modern relays, a range oI characteristics can be
included such that systems can be protected against
resistive earth Iaults.
2
< The operation oI a diIIerential relay is based on
vector diIIerences oI two or more similar quantities.
< II the diIIerence exceeds the pickup value, the relay
trips.
22
< Consider the zone oI protection as one phase oI generator winding as shown in
Fig. Two CTs have same turns ratio and are placed on the boundaries oI the
zones oI protection.
< For normal operation and Iaults outside the protected zone
< For a Iault inside the zone
< The relay operates to protect the element when
< ' I
1
- I
2
' ~ ' I
p
' trip (relay trips circuit breaker)
< ' I
1
- I
2
' ' I
p
' block (relay does not trip circuit breaker)
ig. DifferentiaI reIay protecting generator phase winding
23
< The CT errors which increase with the increase in
currents.
< In this relay, a Iixed pickup current is not chosen.
< Instead, the pickup current is chosen as an average
value oI
1
and
2
.

then trip
2
1
elseiI
block then
2
1
II
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1




is a positive
constant
24
< The turns ratio oI CT
1
as 1:n
1
and that oI CT
2
as
1:n
2
25
2
2
2
1
1
1
and
n

=
@
=
@
2
2
1
1
2 1

n

=
@

@
=
@
W ssuming the transformer to be ideal, we have
2
1 1
2 2 2 1 1


= =
2
< Combining the last two equations, we have
W To prevent, the differential relay from tripping for external fault,
we must choose the relay current I@to be zero, i.e.,

'
+

'

=
@
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
n
n

2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1

n
n
n
n

= =
2
< Consider a 10 MVA, 80 kV/20 kV single-phase
transIormer that has to be diIIerentially protected.
< e have to choose a CT ratio assuming that it is to
be protected by a diIIerential relay.
< The transIormer primary rated current is
W e therefore choose a 55 CT

that will give the rated


current for unfaulted condition as
A 125
10 80
10 10
3
6
1
=
-
-
=
rated

A 17 . 4
150
5
125
1
= - =
@

2
< The secondary rated current
2rated
is
W e there choose a 5 CT
2
that will give
A 500
10 20
10 10
3
6
1
=
-
-
=
rated

A 17 . 4
600
5
500
2
= - =
@

W e can therefore see that I@will be zero for unfaulted


condition.
2
< One oI the problems oI using diIIerential protection Ior transIormers is
that mismatch41the7elaycu77ents4ccu7 when standard CT ratios
are used.
For example, iI the voltage oI the primary side in the above
example was 90 kV instead oI 80 kV, the rated current would have
been
1rated
111.11 A.
A 150:5 A CT would have given @
1rated
3.7 A, a mismatch oI
about 12.7.
One way oI avoiding this problem is to useauxilia7y%s which
provide a wide ranging turns ratios. UnIortunately however the
auxiliary CTs add their own burden* to the mains CTs and also increase
transIormation errors.
< A better solution to the problem is to usetapsetting4nthe7elays
themselves. In the modern numeric diIIerential relays, the transIormer
conIiguration and CT ratios can be corrected within the relays.
< * deIined in next slide
3
< Burden is the normal continuous load imposed on the
current transIormers by the relay, normally expressed
in VA or some times in ohms. For electromechanical
relays, this is normally stated as 3 VA nominal. The
modern electronic relays oIIer a much lower Iigure,
which is one oI their virtues.
3
< Oil-Iilled power transIormers are protected by Buchholz relay
(also known as gas or sudden pressure relay).
< This relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the eIIects
oI dielectric Iailure inside the equipment.
< This saIety device is mounted on oil-Iilled power
transIormers, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator.
< Due to slight overload, gas can accumulate slowly due to the
decomposition oI the insulating oil.
< The gas accumulates in the top oI the relay and Iorces the oil
level down.
< A Iloat operated switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm
signal.
< This same switch will also operate on low oil level, such as a
slow oil leak.
32
33
!osition of BuchhoIz ReIay !osition of BuchhoIz ReIay
< hen a transmission line to be protected by a relay,
their terminals may be hundred oI km apart and it
becomes impractical to connect signals Irom the ends
oI transmission line.
< Pilot relay provides a technique oI communicating
inIormation Irom a remote zone boundary to the relay
at each terminal.
< Physical medium Ior pilot channels could be telephone
conductors, high Irequency signals connected to power
transmission lines known as power line carrier
communication (PLCC)
34
< This is more commonly known these days as line
diIIerential relay.
< Pilot relay is a Iorm oI diIIerential relay that compares
the quantities at its terminals some Iorm oI
communication channels.
< In general, generators or transIormers do not need pilot
protection.
35
< ilot Wires
These are separate electrical circuits operating at dc, 50
or 60 Hz or audio Irequencies.
< ower-line Carrier
The transmission line itselI is used as a communication
circuit. In this the signals can be transmitted at a
Irequency between 30 to 300 Hz.
< Microwave
A 2 to 12 GHz signal is transmitted by the line-oI-sight
paths between the terminals using dish antennas.
< iber Optic Cables
A point-to-point communication can be made by using
very high speed Iiber optic cables. This is the most
saIest and reliable Iorm oI pilot communication.
3
< A relay responsible oI removing a particular Iault as soon
as possible is called the primary protection.
< It is however possible that one oI the subsystems oI the
primary protection may Iail in times oI contingency, in
this case, a backup protection is provided.
< The backup protection is not necessarily a duplicate oI
the primary protection as it adds to the cost.
< It may also Iail since some oI the components like CT or
PT or circuit breaker are common with the primary.
< Thus the backup protection is remote Irom the primary
protection such that the Iailure oI the components oI the
primary protection does not aIIect it.
< The overcurrent relays are coordinated in a radial system
to provide primary and backup protection.
3
< This contains Iive buses that are supplied Irom a
11 kV supply
3
The system parameters chosen Ior the example are
Hz 50 N), - (L kV 6.35 L) - (L kV 11 = =
s
'
+ = + = = 1 . 0 0017 . 0 , 42 . 2 242 . 0
0 2 1

s s s
+ = 42 . 2 242 . 0
12

= 1.21 i 0.121
23

1 34 s
=
= i2.89 0.29
45

3
< For the system chosen Ior this example, the
maximum Iault current occurs Ior a 1LG Iault
and the minimum Iault current occurs Ior a LL
Iault.
< These are given in the table below.
< e shall use extreme inverse characteristics Ior
which we have
0 . 2 , 1217 . 0 , 2 . 28 = = = p B A
4
< This relay must operate Ior a current above 502.7 A
(the minimum Iault current at Bus-5).
< However Ior reliability, we must set this relay such
that it picks up a current that is one third oI the
minimum, i.e.,
W et us choose a CT ratio that is 55.
W Then the pickup current at the secondary of the CT will be
6 . 167
3
7 . 502
= =
@
p

59 . 5
150
5
= -
@
=
p p

4
< Let us choose a pick up current (CTS) Ior R4 as p 5
A.
< This relay is at the end oI the radial system.
< It does not have to provide a backup to any other relay.
< Let us also choose a TDS oI 0.2 Ior R4.
< Note that the TDS is restricted to a minimum oI Ior
electro-mechanical relays.
< However Ior microprocessor based relays, we can go
below this value.
42
< This relay must provide backup Ior R4.
< ThereIore it must pick up the minimum current seen by relay R4.
< e thereIore choose CT ratio oI 150:5 and a CTS oI 5 A as well.
< To determine the TDS, we must provide a discrimination time oI
0.3 s.
< This time is provided such that R3 operates 0.3 s aIter the highest
(not lowest) Iault current seen by R4.
< ThereIore R3 operates in no less than 0.3 s aIter every possible
Iault seen by R4, but Iailed to isolate the Iault.
< It is to be note that the highest current seen by relay R4 is not
624.9 A.
< For a Iault immediately aIter B4, it will see a Iault current that is
equal to the Iault current seen by Bus-4.
43
< The current seen by both R3 and R4 is 875 A.
< The current seen by both secondary oI CTS oI relay R3 and R4 Ior this Iault will be
W ence M ( |I
f
||I
p
|) is 2.5 5.34.
W The tripping time for R4 is
17 . 29
150
5
875 = - =
1

1951 . 0 2 . 0 1217 . 0
1 2177 . 5
2 . 28
2
= -

'
+

'

=
p
t
44
< Suppose relay R4 Iails to operate.
< Then relay R3 must operate at a time that is 0.3 s aIter
0.1951 s, i.e. at 0.4951 s.
< The relay R3 also has an M oI 5.834.
< e can then calculate the TDS as 0.5076 0.55.
< This gives an operating time oI 0.5364 s.
< This maintains a minimum discrimination time oI 0.3 s.
45
< This relay must provide a backup Ior relay R3.
< The smallest Iault current seen by R2 to provide a
backup Ior R4 is 684.5 A.
< For reliable operation, we choose one-third oI this
current, i.e., 228.17 A.
< Let us choose a CT ratio oI 250:5 such that
W et us choose a CTS of 4. .
W The maximum current seen by R3 is 35. .
W Then, at R3, for a CT ratio of 55 and a CTS of 5 , we get an
M of
5633 . 4
250
5
17 . 228 = - =
p

4
< For the above M and a TDS oI 0.55, the operating time
oI relay R3 is 0.2712 s.
< Thus relay R2 should add discrimination time oI 0.3 s.,
i.e., the operating time should be 0.272 0.3 0.572 s.
< Now relay R2 is a backup Ior relay R3 and thereIore it
will see the same Iault current oI 1315.7 A.
< Then M Ior this Iault is
7713 . 8
5
1
150
5
7 . 1315 = - - = M
5785 . 6
4
1
250
5
7 . 1315 = - - = M
W or this value of M, we get a TS from as .242 .5.
W This gives an operating time of .5 s.
4
< This relay must provide a backup Ior relay R2.
< Thus we choose the same CT ratio and CTS Ior this
relay as well.
< The maximum Iault current seen by R2 is 1785.6 A.
< Then, at R2, Ior a CT ratio oI 250:5 and a CTS oI 4 A,
we get an M oI
928 . 8
4
1
250
5
6 . 1785 = - - = M
W or the above M and a TS of .5, the operating time of relay
R2 is .3 s.
W Thus relay R should add discrimination time of .3 s., i.e., the
operating time should be .3 + .3 . s.
4
< Now relay R1 is a backup Ior relay R2 and
thereIore it will see the same Iault current oI
1785.6 A.
< Then Ior the same M oI 8.928, the TDS is
1.3751 1.4.
< This will give an operating time oI 0.672 s.
< The calculated relay settings are given in the
table below.
4
< The zone oI protection are Iormulated to assign the
responsibility oI various protective devices.
< The protective zones overlap with each other.
< All the circuit breakers are located in the overlap regions.
< For a Iault in anywhere in the zone, all the circuit
breakers in that zone open to isolate the Iault.
5
The system
shown has nine
breakers and nine
zones.
t can be seen
that all the zones
are overlapping.
lso no part of
the system is left
unprotected.
5
< For example, iI we have a Iault at point P1, which is only
in Zone-3, the circuit breakers B3 and B4 will open to
isolate the Iault.
< II we have a Iault at a point P2, then it Ialls under the
overlapping zones 7 and 8. Thus the circuit breakers B8,
B9 and B10 must open.
< e can then Iind that there is no possibility oI any oI the
sources to supply any Iault current.
< Again iI there is a Iault at point P3, both B5 and B6 must
open.
< This is irrespective oI the Iact that Bus-4 may not have a
source or active load and there is no possibility oI the
Iault current being Ied through Bus-4.
52
53
< e have seen earlier that it is rather diIIicult to coordinate an
overcurrent relay to protect such a system.
< e shall now use distance relays to protect this system.
< To discuss this, let us denote the bus voltages as '
i
, where i is
the bus number.
< e shall also denote currents as ik when the current is
Ilowing Irom the i
th
to the k
th
bus.
< Let us now consider the relay that operated the breaker B12.
< The impedance is then given by '
1
/
12
.
< As we have mentioned earlier, during normal operation, the
current is much smaller and the relay will be blocked.
However Ior a Iault at point P1, the current
12
will become
large, while the voltage '
1
will become small.
< Hence the relay will trip.
54
< Now consider at Iault at point P3.
< The impedance appears to the relay as negative Irom the
relay to the Iault.
< II the impedance is less than the pickup value, the relay will
send trip signal to B12.
< Thus the impedance relay does not have a directional Ieature
and it can trip Ior a Iault Ior a Iault to the leIt or right.
< e shall now use a modiIied impedance relay or mho relay to
protect the system.
< The reach oI a mho relay speciIies how Iar down the line the
mho relay protects a Iault.
< A 70 reach means that the relay will detect any three-phase
Iault between the relay location and 70 oI the line length.
< This is way such a relay is also called a distance relav.
55
< It is a common practice is to use three mho relays per
phase with increasing reaches and longer time delays.
< For example, the earlier Iigure depicts three protection
zones Ior B12.
< Zone-1 is set Ior a reach oI 80 and Ior instantaneous
operation in order to provide primary protection Ior
relay B12.
< Zone-2 relay is set Ior 120 reach.
< This extends beyond Bus-2.
< The typical time delay is set Ior 0.2 or 0.3 s.
< Zone-2 relay provides a backup protection Ior Iaults in
line 1-2 as well as remote backup Ior lines 2-3 or 2-4 in
Zone-2.
5
< Zone-3 relay reach is set Ior 100 oI line 1-2, plus 120 oI
either line 2-3 or 2-4, whichever is longer.
< The time delay Ior this relay can be set as high as 1 s.
< The mho relay characteristics Ior the diIIerent zones are shown
in the next slide.
< For a Iault in line 2-3 at point P2, we want relay B23 to trip.
< The impedance seen by B12 is almost the same Ior a Iault in
near Bus-2 either in line 1-2 or 2-3 is essentially the same.
< e have set an 80 reach Ior the relay B12. ThereIore Ior a
Iault at P2, B23 should trip instantaneously.
< II it Iails to trip, then B12 will trip aIter a time delay.
< In this way, both primary and backup protection can be
provided using mho relays.
5
5
< Let us assume that the CT and
PT ratios oI B12 be 1500:5 and
the 3000:1 respectively.
W The impedance seen by B2 is
12
) ( 1

'


=
5
< Using the CT and PT ratios mentioned
10
5
1500
1
3000
12
) ( 1

'

'
+

'

'
+

'

=
@

W ow we set Zone- of B2 relay for reach, i.e., of line


-2 (secondary) impedance.
W Therefore
H \ = + =
+
- = 9 . 80 05 . 4 4 64 . 0
10
50 8
80 . 0
1

< The setting Ior Zone-2 Ior B12 relay, with a reach oI
120, is
W ine 2-4 has a larger impedance than line 2-3.
W Therefore we set B2 for Zone-3 as of line -2 and 2
of line 2-4.
W Therefore
H \ = + =
+
- = 9 . 80 08 . 6 6 96 . 0
10
50 8
2 . 1
2

r
H \ = + =
+
- +
+
- = 9 . 80 07 . 9 96 . 8 55 . 1
10
50 8
2 . 1
10
50 8
1
3

< Suppose now the bus voltage at Bus-1 is 345 kV


and the maximum current Ior an emergency loading
condition is 1500 A.
W This impedance exceeds the Zone-3 trip setting.
W The impedance during the emergency loading condition is
outside the trip settings of any of the zones.
W Therefore none of the relays will trip.
W oreover, the impedance during normal loading condition will
be even less and hence it will be further away from the trip
regions.
H \ =
H \
-
- = =
@
19 . 18 28 . 13
19 . 18 1500
3 10 345
10
1
10
3

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