Lec 4: Fluid statics, buoyancy and stability, pressure

 For next time:

Read: 3-1 to 3-4 HW 2

Outline:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics Pressure and resulting forces Buoyancy and stability

Important points:
How to calculate pressure force How to calculate application point of pressure force How to analyze stability
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Fluid statics
Fluid statics deals with non-flow situations--fluids at rest. It is particularly applicable with pressure measurements in terms of fluid column heights.

TEAMPLAY
You accidentally drive your car into a lake and it submerges but does not admit a significant amount of water into the passenger compartment. A. Can you open a door? B. How will you get out?

Fluid statics
The car door may be regarded as a plane surface of area about 10 square feet. In order to study the force on the submerged car door resisting attempts to open it, we must delve into Force magnitude Force application point, known as center of pressure.
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Fluid statics
Consider the effect of a constant pressure at the top of the liquid. This could be Patm or some other pressure P0. We can neglect P0 as long as it acts on both sides.
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Fluid statics
Consider an arbitrary flat shape and orientation: The pressure at any point on the shape

P ! P0  V gh ! P0  V gysinU
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Fluid statics
The resultant force FR is given by

FR ! PdA
! ( P0  VgysinU )dA ! P0 A  VgsinU ydA

Fluid statics
The integral is related to the y coordinate of the centroid (center)

1 y C ! ydA or y C A ! ydA A
FR ! ( P0  Vgy C sinU )A ! PAVG A
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TEAMPLAY
Your pickup, named Bigfoot, has a door which is 4 ft high by 3.5 ft wide and all windows are stuck in the closed position. The bottom of the door is 4 ft off the ground. You accidentally drive into a stock tank where it comes to rest on its wheels in water 10 ft deep. Assume the bottom of the stock tank is flat. What is the force on the door? Can you open it?
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Fluid statics
Now that we know the resultant force on a submerged plane body is
R

! ( P0  Vgy C sinU )A ! PAVG A

where yc is the y-coordinate of the centroid. it is necessary to know where the center of pressure is, that is, the point through which it acts.
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Fluid statics
In general the location yP of the center of pressure is below the location of the centroid yC because the pressure increases with depth.

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Fluid statics
Equate the moment of the resultant force FR to the moment of the distributed pressure force about the xaxis.

y P FR ! yPdA ! y(P0  V gysinU )dA ! P0 ydA  V gsinU y dA

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! P0 y C A  V gsinU IXX,0
Where I ,0 ! y dA is the second moment of area (area moment of inertia).
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Fluid statics
Most area moments of inertia are given about the centroid of the shape (IXX,C). They are relate to the moment IXX,0 about the x-axis by
2 I XX,0 ! I XX,C  yC A

Area moments of inertia about the centroid are in Fig. 10-5 for some common shapes. Centroids are also given there. 14

TEAMPLAY
Solve Problem 10-13

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Buoyancy
A buoyant force FB is caused by increasing pressure with depth, so

F ! V f gA v depth
FTOP ! V f gAs and FBOTTOM ! V f gA(s  h)
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Buoyancy
The upward force from the bottom is obviously greater, and so the net buoyancy force is

FNET ! V f gAh ! V f gV
where V f is the density of the fluid, not the body, and V is the volume of the body.

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TEAMPLAY
The previous equation does not depend on the density of the submerged body. What changes about a submarine as it goes up and down (with zero propulsive thrust)? What is the upward force on a submarine as it holds a constant depth? Does this force change as it changes depth (with zero thrust)?
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Buoyancy and stability

The buoyant force for a constant volume system is equal to the weight W of the displaced fluid.

FB ! V f gV ! W

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Buoyancy
The gravity force downward on a submerged body acts through the centroid. Similarly, the buoyant force upward must act through the centroid or there would be a rolling moment. Thus, we have Archimedes Principle: The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.
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Buoyancy
For floating bodies, the buoyant force is given by the weight of the displaced fluid, or

FB ! V f gVDISPLACED ! WDISPLACED

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Stability
Immersed bodies must be bottom-heavy to be stable. Thus the center of gravity G must below the center of buoyancy B so that any disturbance will provide a restoring moment about G.

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Stability
Model a submarine as a horizontal tube with the top half empty and the bottom half filled with engines, crew quarters, and weaponry. Neglect the mass of the shell (tube). Where is the center of gravity G? Where is the center of buoyancy B? Do the two forces act to restore the sub to an upright condition if it starts to roll, or increase its rolling tendency?

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Stability
Rotational stability criteria are similar for floating bodies. However, if the center of buoyancy shifts during rolling motion, it may be possible to have the center of gravity G above the center of buoyancy and still achieve stability.

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Stability
The metacenter M is required to be above G. The metacenter height is the vertical distance between G and M. For many hull shapes the metacenter is almost a fixed point for rolling angles up to about 20.

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Pressure
The normal force exerted on a (small) area. [Small enough that changes over the area are unimportant, and large enough that molecular effects also are unimportant.]

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Pressures
For pressures above atmospheric P1 Pgage Pabsolute P=0 Patm For pressures below atmospheric P1 Patm P2 P=0
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Pvac Pabsolute

In the SI system we use

1 1 1 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 kPa = 1,000 N/m2 bar = 100,000 N/m2 MPa = 1,000,000 N/m2

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In the USCS system we use

lbf/in2 or psi psi is usually written with an asuffix (psia) or a g suffix, for absolute or gage (psig)

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Atmospheric pressure is
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 101.325 kPa = 1.01 bar = 14.696 psia

0 psig

Absolute pressure (Pabs) = gage pressure (psig) + atmospheric pressure (Patm)

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For example
A gage pressure of 20.0 psig is an absolute pressure at standard sea level conditions of: Pabs = Patm + Pg = 14.7 psia + 20.0 psig = 34.7 psia

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TEAMPLAY
Consider the bicycle tire, which produces a pressure reading of 30 psig. What is the absolute pressure at sea level and at 10,000 ft altitude where Patm ~ 10 psia?

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Pressure Measurement

p
atm

P! gL
Gas at pressure p

p ! (P  patm
Manometer liquid

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TEAMPLAY
What pressure (above atmospheric) is exerted on your ears at the bottom of a 12 foot deep swimming pool? Assume the density of water is: 62.4 lbm/ft3
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12 f