ABAP Objects

Kannan Srinivasan

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ABAP Objects
ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology
 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in ABAP  Interoperability with other object systems

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Positioning ABAP Objects

 Benefits of object orientation  Current situation
 

External interoperability ABAP programming

 What are ABAP Objects ?  Benefits of ABAP Objects

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Benefits of Object Orientation

 Encapsulation - outside vs. inside  Explicit interfaces  Control of complexity and dependencies  Reuse - of components and by inheritance  Maintainability  Interoperability across languages (Java, VB, ...) and object systems (DCOM/CORBA)  Foundation for patterns and frameworks
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Current Interoperability Technology

 BOR (Business Object Repository)
  

Foundation for DCOM/CORBA connection Fully featured standard object model Medium level object wrappers for business functionality written in standard ABAP

 BAPIs (Business APIs)

  

Defined within the BOR Function-oriented, stable interfaces to R/3 applications Support for Internet applications

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Current ABAP Programming

 Complexity reduction by powerful high-level programming constructs
   

Procedural abstraction (function library) Data abstraction (type pools, complex data types) Logical databases for hierarchical data access Event-oriented programming with logical databases and interactive reporting Fully integrated SQL interface In-memory tables: fast key access, sorted and/or nested, group control, ... ...
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What Are ABAP Objects ?

 Complete integration of a fully featured object model into the ABAP programming language  100% upward-compatible extension of ABAP/4


Bottom up: use objects in existing ABAP programs (reports, module- and function-pools) Top down: call forms and functions from within objects All ABAP language constructs are available within objects Fully integrated into the ABAP Workbench

  

 Class library for global classes (will absorb BOR)

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Benefits of ABAP Objects

 Identical object model for external access and internal usage  Seamless object model from analysis through design to implementation  Kernel-embedded foundation for objects


Make OO benefits available for the implementation of the worlds largest business application True two-way interoperability: ABAP <=> Java, ABAP <=> VB, ... Speed, speed, speed !

 

 Enabling technology for GUI programming with frontend controls (ActiveX, JavaBeans)
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ABAP Objects
 ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology

Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in ABAP

 Interoperability with other object systems

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Fundamentals: Objects vs. Data & Functions

 Objects occur 'naturally' in the world. We want to model our software accordingly


E.g.: Transportation company: trucks (various kinds), loads (various), etc.

 Functions and data

 

Big common data structure and some common functions Lots of CASE statements, sparsely filled data structures

 Objects: car, truck, load,

 

Various kinds of everything, objects for truck, load, Object: data and functions that belong together to model / implement a specific concept Fewer CASE statements, densely filled data, cohesion
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Fundamentals: What Is an Object ?

 Objects have
  

...state, described by its attributes ...behavior, described by its methods ...identity to distinguish them from other objects with same state and behavior

 Objects can interact with each other...

  

...by accessing (public) attributes ...by calling methods ...by raising or handling events

 Objects are instances of classes

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The ABAP Object

 Classes
 

...specify behavior of same kind of objects ...define how objects can be accessed from outside (public vs. protected vs. private) ...hide implementation details ...may be specialized in subclasses

 

CLASS class DEFINITION [ INHERITNG FROM superclass ]. [ PUBLIC SECTION. ...<definition of public components> ] [ PROTECTED SECTION. ...<definition of protected components> ] [ PRIVATE SECTION. ...<definition of private components> ] ENDCLASS. CLASS class IMPLEMENTATION. [...<method implementations> ] ENDCLASS.
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An Example
CLASS CTruck DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: VehicleId TYPE I READ-ONLY. METHODS: LoadParcel IMPORTING Parcel TYPE REF TO CParcel, UnloadParcel PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: ParcelTab TYPE REF TO CParcel OCCURS 0. ENDCLASS. CLASS CTruck IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD LoadParcel. APPEND Parcel TO ParcelTab. -- do more stuff ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. PROGRAM xy. DATA: Parcel TYPE REF TO CParcel, Truck1 TYPE REF TO CTruck, Truck2 TYPE REF TO CTruck. -- get input data for parcel from somewhere CREATE OBJECT Parcel. CALL METHOD Parcel->SetPars EXPORTING Weight = In_weight. --- deal with multiple instances CALL METHOD Truck1->UnloadParcel IMPORTING Parcel = Parcel. CALL METHOD Truck2->LoadParcel( Parcel ).
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Some Important Points

 Objects are created dynamically


Storage management, garbage collection

 Access to objects via object reference only!!!

  

Distinguish instances by object reference Only and explicit means of dependency Sharing always and only via (object) references (similar to field-symbols; all other ABAP types are value-based!)

 Internal data hidden from users



Private data accessible only by the objects methods

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Component Definitions
 Attributes
    

...store the internal state of an object (data) ...can be references to other objects can be: read-only, virtual, class attributes can be constants Virtual attributes: Attribute from the outside, inside the object Set- and Get-methods. Dynamic control of Set-/Get-methods.

{DATA|CLASS-DATA} attr TYPE type [ VALUE val ] [ READ-ONLY ] [ VIRTUAL [ SET-METHOD set-method] [GET-METHOD get-method] ]. CONSTANTS const TYPE type VALUE val.
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Component Definitions
 Methods
 

are operations on objects (the functionality) are the only way to change the state of an object (other than public attributes) ...have parameters and can raise exceptions (similar to function modules) ...can pass back a return value No method-name overloading!

 

{METHODS|CLASS-METHODS} method [ IMPORTING ...<list of import parameters> ] [ EXPORTING ...<list of export parameters> ] [ CHANGING ...<list of import/export parameters> ] [ EXCEPTIONS ...<list of exceptions> ] [ RETURNING result TYPE t ].

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Using Attributes and Methods

CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: v1 TYPE I, o1 TYPE REF TO c1. METHODS: m1 IMPORTING a1 TYPE REF TO c1, m2 IMPORTING a1 TYPE REF TO c1 RETURNING result TYPE I. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: v2 TYPE I. ENDCLASS. PROGRAM xy. DATA o1 TYPE REF TO c1. --- attribute can occur anywhere a normal variable can occur CREATE OBJECT o1. x = o1->v1 + sin( o1-> v1 ). CALL FUNCTION 'abc' EXPORTING p1 = o1->v1 . --- some method calls CALL METHOD o1->m1 EXPORTING a1 = o1. CALL METHOD o1->m1( o1 ). -- short form for 1 exporting arg y = obj1->m2( x ). -- result can be used in expressions

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Component Definitions
 Events...


...occur at a particular point in time, e.g. change in state of an object ...can be raised to inform other interested objects ...can pass parameters

 

EVENTS event [ EXPORTING

...<list of export parameters> ].

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Event Handling
 Events are handled by classes
 

General publish-subscribe model Syntax similar to Visual Basic event handling

 Event handlers...
 

...are methods for handling events from other objects ...are declared with reference to the event to be handled (signature from there) must be registered explicitly

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Event Handling Example

Sender
*---- proxy class for GUI control CLASS CButton DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: SetLabel IMPORTING Txt TYPE . EVENTS: Clicked EXPORTING DoubleClick TYPE I. ENDCLASS.

Handler
CLASS CWindow1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. "--- handle events by implementing "--- event handler methods METHODS: OKClicked FOR EVENT Clicked OF CButton IMPORTING DoubleClick, CanClicked FOR EVENT Clicked OF CButton. DATA: OKBtn TYPE REF TO CButton. ENDCLASS. CLASS CWindow1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD Init. CREATE OBJECT: OKBtn, CanBtn. SET HANDLER: OKClicked FOR OKBtn, CanClicked FOR CanBtn. ENDMETHOD. METHOD OKClicked. IF DoubleClick = 1. ENDMETHOD.

CLASS CButton IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD AnyMethod. RAISE EVENT Clicked EXPORTING DoubleClick = 0. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

ENDIF.

METHOD CancelClicked. "--- DoubleClick not visible R ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

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Class Component Definitions

 Class attributes...
  

...are data on class level, independent of object / instance ...are always there like global variables / functions ...have global lifetime, with scope tied to class

 Class methods...
 

...can only access class attributes ...can be called like global functions, but are tied to class

*--- class attribute definition CLASS-DATA: var TYPE t . *--- class method definition CLASS-METHODS: cm <parameter syntax like methods>.

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Using Class Components

*---- Transaction controller for nested transactions ---CLASS TACtrl DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. --- class method to create new controller instance CLASS-METHODS: CreateNew RETURNING TaObj TYPE REF TO TACtrl. CLASS-DATA: Current TYPE REF TO TACtrl READ-ONLY. METHODS: Commit, Abort. -- instance methods PRIVATE SECTION. CLASS-DATA: TAStack TYPE REF TO TACtrl OCCURS 0. ENDCLASS. CLASS TACtrl IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CreateNew. DATA NewTA TYPE REF TO TACtrl. CREATE OBJECT NewTA. APPEND NewTA TO TAStack. Current = NewTA. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. PROGRAM xy. --- start nested transaction CALL METHOD TACtrl=>CreateNew. CALL METHOD TACtrl=>Current->Commit.

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Inheritance
 A class can be derived from another
  

Only specify what is different / added Add attributes and methods Redefine / override existing methods (in any section) = change implementation, slight change of interface possible Single inheritance on class

CLASS class DEFINITION INHERITING FROM superclass. SECTION. --- added attributes and methods DATA: METHODS: --- override / redefine existing method METHODS m REDEFINITION
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ENDCLASS.

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Using Inheritance
 Polymorphism on object references
CLASS DrawableObject DEFINITION PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: Draw. ENDCLASS. CLASS Polygon DEFINITION INHERITING FROM DrawableObject. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: AddPoint IMPORTING P TYPE T_Point, Draw REDEFINITION. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: PointTab TYPE T_Point OCCURS 0. ENDCLASS. CLASS Polygon IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD Draw. DATA: Point TYPE T_Point. LOOP AT PointTab INTO Point. CALL METHOD DrawableObject=>Draw( Point ). ENDLOOP. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

DrawableObject

Point
PROGRAM xy.

Polygon

Bitmap

DATA: DObj TYPE REF TO DrawableObject. DATA: DObjTab TYPE REF TO DrawableObject OCCURS 0. --- create drawable objects --- draw all of them LOOP AT DObjTab INTO DObj. CALL METHOD DObj->Draw. ENDLOOP.
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Interfaces
 Interfaces define the interaction between different objects  Polymorphism independent of class / inheritance  Classes can implement multiple interfaces  Uniform access through interface reference

ArchiveMgr

IArchive

Plan

Customer

Material
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Interface Definition
 Interfaces...


can define same components as class - without implementation ...may enclose multiple other interfaces (hierarchy) have separate name spaces for their components Components of enclosed interfaces are not visible in the toplevel interface (black boxes); there is a mapping/aliasing feature

  

INTERFACE interface. [ INTERFACES ...<list of comprised interfaces> .] [ ...<definition of interface components> ] ENDINTERFACE.
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Interfaces
 Implementation of interfaces
   

A class can implement many interfaces Interfaces are implemented side-by-side in a class (like COM) No name conflicts on the class level No semantic conflicts at class level and interface composition

 Using interfaces
 

Access by interface reference like object reference An interface reference only exposes the components of that interface Assignment / cast to another interface possible

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Interface Example
INTERFACE IArchive DEFINITION. DATA: ObjID TYPE T_OID VIRTUAL. -- fast EVENTS: Saved, . METHODS: SaveYourself IMPORTING . ENDINTERFACE. CLASS Customer DEFINITION. INTERFACES: IArchive, IWorkflow, . ENDCLASS. CLASS Customer IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD IArchive~GET_ObjID. CALL FUNCTION Archive_Get_OID IMPORTING IArchive~objid. -- no more recompute SET DIRECT READ ACCESS FOR IArchive~ObjID. ENDMETHOD. METHOD IArchive~SaveYourself. --- save all own data into RAISE EVENT IArchive~Saved . ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
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CLASS CArchiveMgr. DATA: IAObj TYPE REF TO IArchive. DATA: IATab TYPE REF TO IArchive OCCURS 0. METHOD AddToArchive IMPORTING IAObj APPEND IAObj TO IATab. ENDMETHOD. METHOD DoArchive. --- archive all objects in table LOOP AT IATab INTO IAObj. WRITE: / Wrote:, IAObj->ObjID. CALL METHOD IAObj->SaveYourself . ENDLOOP. ENDMETHOD.
CArchiveMgr

Plan1

iaTab

IArchive

Plan2

Material

Customer

Interfaces and Classes

Object reference
class 1 specific

Class 1 Part

Interface 1

Interface 2
Interface reference

Comprising Interface 3 Interface 4 Implementing Class 1 Inheriting from Class 2 Interface 5

if 3 specific

Interface 3 Interface reference

interface 1

Interface reference

interface 2 if 4 specific

Interface 4 Interface reference

Object reference

class 2 specific

Class 2 Part
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Interface reference

interface 5

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Naming and Visibility

 Class components...
 

share a common name space within the class ...may be

 public = visible to all  protected = visible to subclasses and implementation  private = visible to the class implementation only


...depend on instance data or not

 Interface components
 

Separate name space for interface components Interfaces are visible as a whole (like view)

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Miscellaneous


Avoid naming conflicts, selectively make components visible

{CLASS DEFINITION | INTERFACE }. INTERFACES i. ... ALIASES a FOR i~a. {ENDCLASS|ENDINTERFACE}.

Constructor (Destructor)
CLASS class DEFINITION. ... METHODS CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING p TYPE t . ENDCLASS. "--- name / syntax TBD

Friends
CLASS c1 DEFINITION EXPOSING PRIVATE COMPONENTS TO c2. ... PRIVATE SECTION. ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 DEFINITION ACCESSING PRIVATE COMPONENTS OF c1. ... PRIVATE SECTION. ENDCLASS.
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The ABAP Object Model

 Summary
    

Classes and interfaces Attributes, methods, and events Classes can implement interfaces Interface composition Single inheritance for classes, multiple composition + aliasing for interfaces Event handling

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ABAP Objects
 ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology  Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in ABAP

Interoperability with other object systems

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Interoperability: DCOM and CORBA

Client / Server Client / Server

Visual Basic

Component Connector DCOM

*Script, ... CORBA Java

ABAP Objects

CORBA Bridge
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Interoperability Features
 Transparent two-way mapping between ABAP Objects and external object models  Automatic generation of proxies and stubs  Location transparency:


CREATE OBJECT obj DESTINATION dest

 Delta management for mass data

For details see presentation on Distributed Objects

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Introducing the Enhancement Framework (BADI Development)

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Objectives
 The purpose of this presentation is to:
     

Provide an Overview of the Enhancement Framework Describe what a BADI is Classic vs. Kernel BADIs Implement a BADI (Classic) Tips & Tricks Address feedback and questions from Audience
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Enhancement Framework

 SAP is known for delivering business software easily adaptable by customers for their specific needs. Typically the software (for example, mySAP ERP) can be adapted by one of the following techniques:
Customizing (defining system behavior through standard SAP provided mechanism without coding), Enhancement (adding custom code at strategic hook positions provided by SAP) Modification (modifying SAP supplied code directly often called CoreMod
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Enhancement Framework
 Let us first take a look at how the enhancement technique has evolved so far in SAP.

User-Exit is one of the very first mechanisms provided by SAP to execute custom code in between the standard SAP control flow. This is implemented as subroutine call (PERFORM xxx). A classical example for User-Exit is MV45AFZZ include in order processing module of SAP R/3. Though this include object doesnt fall under customer namespace, the object doesnt get overwritten during upgrade. Customer-Exit is better than the user-exit, in the sense that it is implemented using Function Modules and so has a well defined parameter interface. Also since the custom coding done as part of these customer-exits is located away from the original SAP code, the maintenance is easier than user-exits. The BADI-s (Business Add-Ins), as they exist in pre NW04s releases are now called old classic-BADIs. This was the first object-oriented way to enhance the ABAP system. This, to a certain extent, allows multiple implementations with limited filter support. The classic-BADIs are implemented using ABAP Objects
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Enhancement Framework
 So what's so cool about this new enhancement technology?

Source Code enhancement Function Group enhancement Class enhancement Kernel-BADI Enhancement

 The first three methods, viz., Source Code enhancement, Function Group enhancement, and Class enhancement are brand new ways to enhance the ABAP system. The final one Kernel-BADI is an improvement of the old classic-BADI now integrated into the Enhancement Framework. Remember that all of these techniques are considered enhancing and not modifying the system.
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What is a BADI?
 Business Add In

Business Add-Ins may be simply defined as an object-oriented extension of the SAP. They consist of special hooks provided by SAP core developers for incorporating customer (or company) specific logic. (BADI Definition) The process of adapting your program according to your specific scenario is known as implementation of the BADI.

BADIs are based upon the concept of object-orientation. The program that incorporates the enhancement option calls a method of a generated BADI class. During the implementation procedure, the customer-specific code is written in the relevant method. The method name is specified via a BADI interface. The name of the interface is of the form IF_EX_BADI, where BADI is the name of the Business Add-In in question. For example, in the case of the HR Add-In HR_INDVAL, the involved interface is IF_EX_HR_INDVAL.
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What is a BADI?

BADI Architecture in SAP

What's important about this diagram is that it reflects both the definition of a classic BADI as well as its implementation.

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What is a BADI? (Definition)

BADI Architecture in SAP
1 2

1.CORE SAP Application developers define an interface for the add-in 2.SAP generates an adapter class for implementing the add-in thus opening a path for customer or partner implementations
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What is a BADI? (implementation)

BADI Architecture in SAP
1 2

1.Customer/partner developer creates an interface of the adapter class 2.The interface definition ensures that consistent data is passed to the different add-in implementations 3.Adapter class takes care of calling and filtering out the proper components
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What is a BADI?
 SAP guarantees upward compatibility of all BADI interfaces  BADIs are not a replacement for Customer Exits (already existing exits were not converted to BADIs)  Enhancements, interfaces & generated classes all lie in the SAP namespace  Implementations lie in the customer/partner namespace and are transportable  Standard naming conventions apply for BADIs start your implementations with Z  Object oriented coding rules apply (i.e. no header lines on internal tables)
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 If an BADI is called frequently, performance problems can occur (No longer an issue with new Kernel BADIs)  Customers can create BADIs  Creating a BADI within a CMOD project exit can allow multiple developers to share an exit without stepping on each others toes

Classic vs. Kernel BADIs

 The old classic-BADIs are implemented purely at the ABAP Workbench level; that is, both the definition and implementation are realized as workbench repository objects (global classes and interfaces)..
Example:

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Classic vs. Kernel BADIs

 The new Kernel-BADI takes it to the ABAP language level. Because of this, the new Kernel-BADIs are much faster compared to the old classicBADIs  There are two new ABAP statements available now to support the Kernel-BADIs, namely GET BADI and CALL BADI.
Example: data bd_hdl type ref to badi_name. GET BADI bd_hdl filters filt_1 = VALUE. CALL BADI bd_hdl->method exporting param_1 = 10.

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Classic vs. Kernel BADIs

 The old classic-BADI used to mix both implementation selection and method call in the same CALL METHOD statement. The implementations could only be chosen at runtime because of the above reason and due to the fact that the BADI handle could only be gotten from another method call by passing the BADI name.  Whereas in the new Kernel-BADI, the active BADI implementations are included into the load of BADI handle at compile time and the filter criterion are expanded as IF statements. This is the reason the new Kernel-BADIs are much faster than classic-BADIs.  Some of the other new features of Kernel-BADIs are,

Improved Filters with complex filter condition editor Possibility to inherit the implementations Switchable using Switch Framework

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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 Step 1: Creating an Implementation
 The first step involves creating a BADI implementation. Call transaction SE19. The BADI implementation screen appears, as shown. Enter a suitable name for your implementation in the field provided, and click the Create button

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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 A pop-up screen appears, as shown. Enter the name of the BADI involved and press the Enter button.

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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 Enter an appropriate short text in the field provided. Then, click on the Interface tab. This shows the name of the class that will be generated as a result of the implementation. You may change the class if you like. The Interface tab also contains the name of the BADI method.

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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 Then, double-click on the name of the method (in our case SAP_SCRIPT_TABLES). This takes you to the Class Builders method editor screen. This is the area where you may write the code that you would like to be executed when the BADI method is called

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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 Step 2: Writing the code for the BADI Method

 The next step is to write the appropriate coding for the BADI method. This code incorporates the enhancement logic and is executed by the application program upon the BADI method call. Most of the ABAP statements are applicable in this case. However, since the BADI technology is based upon ABAP Objects, some ABAP constructs are not allowed.  The method has importing, exporting, and changing parameters. The enhancement may be achieved by writing code that assigns suitable values to the changing and exporting parameters of the method. The main application program uses these values for further processing, and in this way the desired enhancement effect is achieved
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Implement a BADI (Classic)

 Step 2: Activate the BADI!

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Tips & Tricks

 How do we find available BADIs?

There are multiple ways of searching for BADIs. First there is the obvious

Go to Transaction Code SE18 (Definition)

Press F4

Search by package, Hierarchy, or by program.

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Tips & Tricks

 Finding BADI Using CL_EXITHANDLER=>GET_INSTANCE

Go to the Transaction, for which we want to find the BADI. Click on System->Status. Double click on the program name. Once inside the program search for CL_EXITHANDLER=>GET_INSTANCE. Make sure the radio button In main program is checked. A list of all the programs with call to the BADIs will be listed. The export parameter EXIT_NAME for the method GET_INSTANCE of class CL_EXITHANDLER will have the METHOD assigned to it. The changing parameter INSTANCE will have the interface assigned to it. Double click on the method to enter the source code.
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Tips & Tricks

 Finding BADI Using SQL Trace (TCODE-ST05)
Start transaction ST05 (Performance Analysis). Set flag field "Buffer trace" Remark: We need to trace also the buffer calls, because BADI database tables are buffered. (Especially view V_EXT_IMP and V_EXT_ACT) Push the button "Activate Trace". Start transaction in a new GUI session. Go back to the Performance trace session. Push the button "Deactivate Trace". Push the button "Display Trace". The popup screen "Set Restrictions for Displaying Trace" appears. Now, filter the trace on Objects: V_EXT_IMP V_EXT_ACT Push button "Multiple selections" button behind field Objects Fill: V_EXT_IMP and V_EXT_ACT
All the interface class names of view V_EXT_IMP start with IF_EX_. This is the standard SAP prefix for BADI class interfaces. The BADI name is after the IF_EX_. R So the BADI name of IF_EX_CUSTOMER_ADD_DATA is CUSTOMER_ADD_DATA
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Tips & Tricks

 Finding BADI Using Repository Information System (TCODESE84)

Go to Maintain Transaction (TCODE- SE93). Enter the Transaction for which you want to find BADI. Click on the Display push buttons. Get the Package Name. Go to TCode: SE84->Enhancements->Business Addinns->Definition, enter the Package Name and Execute.
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Here you get a list of all the Enhancement BADIs for the given package
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Conclusion

 I reviewed the rudiments of Business Add-Ins and their benefits for SAP users and developers. Then, I discussed in detail the steps required in implementing an add-in.  I hope this presentation will provide you with some breadcrumbs to help you in adapting standard SAP programs quickly and easily using BADIs!

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Further Information
 Help Portal

http://help.sap.com Documentation SAP Netweaver (04s) Application Platform ABAP technology ABAP Workbench Enhancement Framework
 SDN

http://sdn.sap.com

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Address Feedback & Questions from audience

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