Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Measuring Types
A. Static (structural) - taken while the body is in a static position
1. Skeletal dimensions - joint-tojoint measurement 2. Maximum body width 3. Data available on most characteristics of the body NASA Anthropometric Source Book. (vol 2, 1978)
Measuring Types
B. Dynamic (functional)
1. Measurements taken while the body is engaged in some kind of activity a. Driving a car b. Working at a desk / VDT terminal
Applications
Principles
1. Design for extremes of individuals (or the population) a. Maximum: automobile interiors, escape hatches, doorway b. Minimum: applied force, reach distances c. Most designs cover 5th through 95th percentile
Principles
2. Design with an adjustable range
a. Design should "fit" 5th through 95th percentile of relevant population b. Involves a trade-off with cost/complexity
Principles
4. Variability of population Anthropomorphic measurements are a functionof age, gender, nationality, user type and several other factors
B. Seated personnel
1. Most important factor in this position is arm reach a. direction ofreach b. task to be performed (grasp, fingertip operation) c. type of reaching motion (restricted/unrestricted)
C. Standing Personnel
1. vs. seated a. Larger workspace is defined (due to ability to bend/reach) b. Workspace is dynamic (moves as the person moves)
Work Surfaces
A. Horizontal Surfaces (tables, desks, counters)
1. Normal area - area covered by sweep of the forearm while the upper arm remains in a natural position 2. Maximum area - area which can be reached by extending the arm from the shoulder
Work Surfaces
B. Slanted Surfaces
vs. horizontal a. Eastman and Kodat (use of slanted surfaces, 12-24 degrees, gives better posture, less fatigue/discomfort b. Drafting tables, computer keyboards C. Height of Work Surfaces
Work Surfaces
Guidelines
a. Make it adjustable where possible (legs/feet, slant) b. Forearm should be level of slightly down with shoulders relaxed (not hunched) c. Allow for a "straight" spine (posture) to reduce strain and fatigue in the back muscles/spine d. Adjustable for type of activity to be performed
Work Surfaces
2. For Standing Personnel
a. Precision work (work level even with or slightly above elbow height) b. Light / Heavy work (work level should be below elbow height)
Seating
Principles of Seat Design
1. Back support should be used a. Lower support most critical to reduce fatigue and eliminate back pain b. Lordotic (concave) preferred over Kyphotic (convex)
Seating
2. Seat height and slope a. Generally, seat height should be low enough so as to reduce pressure on the underside of the thigh (reduces blood flow to the legs) b. Common to design seats for minimum (5th percent)
Seating
3. Seat depth and width a. For public seating, depth should be designed for a minimum while the width should be designed for the maximum b. Spacing between seats should be at least 20 inches
Seat Back:
- angle: minimum 90 - 105o with respect to the seat pan. Up to 120o prefered. - width: minimum 12 in the lumbar region. - height: minimum 19.5. - lumbar support: 6 - 9 high, 12 wide, positioned 6 - 10 above seat reference point, and protrude ~ 2 from back rest.