Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5G Networks (GSM/GPRS)
Curs 1
Planificarea si optimizarea retelelor 2G, 2.5G (GSM/GPRS) by Ren ANDREESCU General purposes of course Network design, system expansion, increasing capacity a) How can you calculate the coverage and capacity of a GSM network? b) What is important when selecting sites? c) How do you make a link budget? d) What is meant by MRP? e) Which parameters are included in System Information? f) How can you increase coverage and capacity? g) What is meant by frequency reuse? h) How does the choice of antennas affect network performance? i) What are C/I, C/A, and C/N? j) How can repeaters improve the network performance?
Planificarea si optimizarea retelelor 2G, 2.5G (GSM/GPRS) by Ren ANDREESCU Frequency bands and channel arrangement
vi) Railways GSM 900 Band, R-GSM (includes Standard and Extended GSM 900 Band); - for Railways GSM 900 band, the system is required to operate in the following frequency band: - 876 MHz to 915 MHz: mobile transmit, base receive; - 921 MHz to 960 MHz: base transmit, mobile receive. vii)DCS 1 800 Band: - for DCS 1 800, the system is required to operate in the following band: - 1 710 MHz to 1 785 MHz: mobile transmit, base receive; - 1 805 MHz to 1 880 MHz: base transmit, mobile receive. viii) PCS 1 900 Band: - for PCS 1 900, the system is required to operate in the following band: - 1 850 MHz to 1 910 MHz: mobile transmit, base receive; - 1 930 MHz to 1 990 MHz base transmit, mobile receive.
OSI/ISO(*)
Layer 7 These slides Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1
Title
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
Application to GSM
Appl protocols, user-interface Appl specific format transfer Connection to process, billing Flow control point to point Connection, switching of links Signaling signals, block transfer Transmission, coding, modul.
2
Bandwidth split within cells
1 2 6 1 3 1 4 5 5 4 935 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 960 f 3
Specifications level 1
Planificarea si optimizarea retelelor 2G, 2.5G (GSM/GPRS) by Ren ANDREESCU Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Optional in a GSM network, i.e., not required EIR block (bars) calls from a particular MS, not from a subscriber. Sometimes the AuC and EIR are combined. Operation Sub-System (OSS) Operation and Maintenance Center Service management subscription management for registering new subscriptions, modifying and removing subscriptions, as well as billing information billing fraud detection
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) Manages the GSM functional blocks: MSC, BSC (and indirectly the BTSs) Task: to maintain satisfactory operation of the GSM network Based on observing system load, blocking rates, handovers, Activities: Network Management System (NMS) modify network configuration equipment maintenance aiming at detecting, locating, and correcting faults
Traffic channel (TCH) Multiframe - group of 26 TDMA frames (120 ms long) 24 are used for traffic (voice or user data) 1 is used for the slow associated control channel (SACCH) 1 is currently unused TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in time by 3 burst periods mobile station does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously simplifies the electronic circuitry; avoids antenna duplex filters reducing complexity helps to cut power consumption
Planificarea si optimizarea retelelor 2G, 2.5G (GSM/GPRS) by Ren ANDREESCU Some specification parameters
GMSK Modulation
TDMA/FDMA structure
Planificarea si optimizarea retelelor 2G, 2.5G (GSM/GPRS) by Ren ANDREESCU In GSM, the network is divided into a lot of cells, and usually a base station is planted in the center of each cell. For the sake of easy analysis, the cells are represented as neighboring hexagons, while in reality they can be of any kind of forms and overlap with each other. The size of each cell, when fixed, will usually stay stable. There is one important feature in GSM network planning: the coverage planning and capacity planning are independent. The coverage planning depends on the received signal strength, that is to say, the covered area is nearly only limited by the minimum signal strength at the cell range, while the later capacity planning depends mainly on the frequency allocation.
System engineering
The operator must choose how many of each element (MSC, BSC, BTS, ) to order, what capacity each must have, where to install them, . However, since traffic does not remain constant installing enough capacity for long term traffic is not cost effective. So, system engineering is an on-going activity Note: goal of cellular planning is to choose the cell sites and cell parameters (frequency allocation, capacity, power, etc.) to provide economically continuous coverage and support the required traffic density (not an easy task)
Traffic analysis: the signaling channels in the PCM frame are monitored and analyzed on the Abis and A interfaces Bit error ratio test (BERT): bit error measurement at the PCM level and the GSM-specific level (TRAU frame) PCM bit error ratio (BER) is used to verify the quality of lines leased from fixed network operators By evaluating the control bits in the TRAU, a bit error probability can be determined (uplink) during actual communications (in-service) {No easy measurement of the downlink BER} More accurate radio link BER measurement (out-of-service) measurement in which the 260 data bits in the TRAU frame are checked using a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS)
Alarm monitoring - checking PCM links for layer 1 alarms Network quality test: lots of measurements - including:
traffic, handover failures, Receive level (RXLEV) surveillance, bit error ratio of a BTS (RXQUAL), multipath interference and propagation delays, frequency interference (due to nearby frequency reuse), call completion/disconnect rate, indications of system overload.
island problems, detection of coverage holes, interference, network load regarding signaling and
Site parameters
Transmitter power/Dedicated channel power level/Common channel power level
Service parameters
Power per service Enable/disable handover per service
Network parameters
Handover Neighbor lists/Hysteresis/Timers Power control policy
Resource management Note: first two are sets of parameters are fixed (So, a physical change in the site), while the others can be changed under software control.