STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNELS WITH DIFFERENT CABLE CONFIGURATIONS UNDER SEISMIC LOADING

STRUCTURE DEFINITION :
The Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) is a tubular structure placed underwater at an appropriate depth, fixed in position through anchorage groups linked to the seabed

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF STRUCTURE :

The structure which exploit bearing capacity of water derived from buoyancy force see

next

Recommended Buoyancy Weight Ratio (BWR) : 1.2 - 1.3

back

THE BASIC PARTS OF SFT: 1. the tunnel structure which is made up of tunnel segments and allows traffics and pedestrians to get through 2. the shore connection structures which connect SFT to shores 3. the cable systems which are anchored to the waterbed to balance the net buoyancy (the present paper concentrates on the SFT type of tunnel buoyancy larger than tunnel weight) 4. the foundation structures which are constructed at the waterbed to install cable systems
see

next

THE BASIC PART OF SFT

4 2

1 1

back

HOW DOES SFT STRUCTURE BEHAVE UNDER ENVIROMENTAL AND SEISMIC LOADING ?
CASE STUDY : A crossing in Seribu Archipelago between Panggang island and Karya island The considered case studies of the crossing length (L) 150 m, is assumed to be flat along 90-m in the central part of the crossing and to be inclined along 30-m of both side end S E CA E C I U ATI S A EA IED:

TYPE A SYSTEM

TYPE B SYSTEM

TYPE C SYSTEM

Table 1 Parameters of fluid dynamic environment and SFT structure

Fluid dynamic enviromental Fluid density Water depth Wave height Wave period Surface current velocity Drag coefficient Mass/inertia c efficient Added-mass coefficient Symbol V h H T U0 CD Cm Ca Unit kg/ m m m m m/ s 1 1 1
3

Value 1,025 20 1.2 3.58 1.2 1 2 1

Structural Property Tunnel equivalent density Tunnel outer diameter Tunnel inner diameter Tunnel equivalent Young Cable density Cable diameter Cable Y ung modulus Kinetic viscosity Coefficient

Symbol VT D d ET VC dC EC Y

Unit kg/ m m m N/ m
2 3 3

Value 2,4 5.5 4.7 3. 2 10 7,850 0.1

10

kg/ m m /m
2

. 10

11

m /s

1. 067 10

?6

SFTS LOADING COMBINATION:

1. Dead + Live + Buoyancy + Hydrostatic + Current + wave 2. Dead + Buoyancy + Hydrostatic + Current + wave 3. Dead + Live + Buoyancy + Hydrostatic + Current + Wave + Earthquakes 4. Dead + Buoyancy + Hydrostatic + Current + Wave + Earthquakes

FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE USED:

SAP 2000 V.14.1.2

1.Earthquake
The value of the seismic loadings is referred to the code (SKSNI-17262002) using the response spectrum with the PGA value about 0.15g and located in the moderate soil

The seismic importance factor

(Source : Indonesia seismic code SKSNI-1726-2002)

see

(Source : Indonesia seismic code SKSNI-1726-2002)

MAXIMUM SEISMIC REDUCTION FACTOR (R)

Assumption : Structure system which use cantilever colomn to resist lateral loading R = 2.2

(Source : Indonesia seismic code SKSNI-1726-2002)

2. Hydrodynamics
The forces Fh per unit length arising from the water-SFT interaction, due to their relative motion, during a seismic event can be evaluated through the Morisons equation :

where rw is the water density, D is the external diameter of the structural element (i.e. tunnel or cable), CI is the inertial coefficient, CD is the drag coefficient, aw and as are the water particle and structure acceleration, respectively, vw and vs are the water and structure velocity, respectively. Wave theory used : Stoke 5th wave theory

H= g= d= Tapp = H/g.Tapp2 d/g.Tapp2 d/P =

1.2 9.8 20 4.126 0.00719 0.1198 0.645

m m/s2 m s ND ND ND

 Fifth-Order Stokes Wave Theory is applicable for deep-water high waves What deep water criterion in this case..?

Deep water Criterion

Depth of the water Deep water Intermediate water Shallow water Criterion d/P > 1/2 < d/P < 1/20 d/P < 1/20

Because in this case d/P = 0.645 > , it is in deep water criterion so that it is appropriate to apply Fifth-Order Stokes Wave Theory

Wave and Current Loading (cross section)

Wave and Current Loading (long section)

3. Hydrostatic actions
Any surface immersed in a fluid will have a force exerted on it by hydrostatic pressure, and the force acts in the direction of the normal, or the perpendicular to the surface; that is, the direction of the force depends on the orientation of the face considered. The pressure increases linearly with increasing depth into the fluid.
see

here V is mass e sit , is ra it acceleration and z is de t .

4. Buoyancy
see

Where: is mass density ;g is gravity acceleration ;V is volume of the fluid displaced by the object

Hydrostatic Pressure

back

Buoyancy Force

Live Force

next

RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES

STATI ANALYSIS
Table 2: Stress of SFT
T eA Stresses Loading combination s11 N/mm2 omb-1 omb-2 omb-3 omb-4 Seismic 4.4 4.64 4.95 5.19 0.55 s22 N/mm2 4.996 5.248 5.247 5.499 0.251 s12 N/mm2 8.785 9.164 11.318 11.697 2.533 s11 N/mm2 7.63 8.11 8.06 8.54 0.43 T e Stresses s22 N/mm2 7.164 7.564 7.599 7.999 0.435 s12 N/mm2 7.335 7.801 8.591 9.058 1.256 s11 N/mm2 7.82 8.32 8.28 8.77 0.45 T e Stresses s22 N/mm2 7.288 7.693 7.73 8.135 0.442 s12 N/mm2 7.423 7.893 8.697 9.167 1.274

Table 4: Displacement of SFT

T pe Loading combination Max (U1) mm omb-1 110.28 Max (U2) mm 116.13 Max (U3) mm 108.09 Max (U1) mm 53.40 T pe Max (U2) mm 53.40 Max (U3) mm 171.92 Max (U1) mm 55.44 T pe Max (U2) mm 55.37 Max (U3) mm 175.65

omb-2

110.33

116.13

115.19

53.45

53.40

184.18

55.50

55.38

187.79

omb-3

179.66

189.64

111.76

99.94

100.57

173.40

103.69

104.15

176.72

omb-4 Seismic

179.72 70.48

189.64 73.51

118.85 4.26

99.99 46.70

100.57 47.18

185.29 1.11

103.74 48.37

104.16 48.80

188.85 3.77

able 4: Dis lacement of SF

Max stress of cable Loading combination e MPa omb-1 omb-2 omb-3 omb-4 Seismic 601.59 637.38 711.03 727.19 78.91 e MPa 649.58 686.70 747.37 784.50 126.30 e MPa 393.38 414.03 473.91 494.56 100.58

Dynamic analysis
The dynamic behaviour of structures was analysed in order to know the most hazardous conditions due to the structure exposed by the dynamic loads, such as waves, earthquakes and currents. Vortex-induced vibration was analysed by predicting vortex shedding frequency using the formula :

where: f is the frequency of oscillation ; L is the diameter; V is the current velocity; Thus the frequency of the vortex shedding :

The four first modes model

Mode-1 (horizontal vibration) Mode-2 (vertical vibration)

Mode-3 (vertical vibration)

Mode-4 (horizontal vibration)

Table 6. Natural frequencies and period of the SFT

Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TYPE-A Per od Fre e c 0.896109 1.1159 0.421448 2.3728 0.41039 2.4367 0.396291 2.5234 0.243111 4.1133 0.191999 5.2083 0.15734 6.3557 0.151102 6.618 0.141669 7.0587 0.107152 9.3325 TYPE-B Per od Fre e c 0.605572 1.6513 0.486683 2.0547 0.449845 2.223 0.372863 2.6819 0.232649 4.2983 0.197187 5.0713 0.160291 6.2386 0.154521 6.4716 0.139284 7.1796 0.107163 9.3316 TYPE-C Per od Fre e c 0.629596 1.5883 0.49682 2.0128 0.456464 2.1908 0.378212 2.644 0.233083 4.2903 0.197734 5.0573 0.160603 6.2265 0.1526 6.5531 0.139595 7.1636 0.107164 9.3315 vibration sha es 1 c r e in horizonta wa e ( a is) 1 c r e in vertica wave (z a is) 2 c rve in vertica wave (z a is) 2 c rves in horizonta wave ( a is) 3 c rves in horizonta wave ( a is) 3 c rves in vertica wave ( a is) 4 c rve in vertica wave (z a is) Horizonta c rve in the body tunne 4 curves in horizonta wave (y a is) 5 curve in vertica wave (z a is)

CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion of this work can be drawn as follows: 1. The earthquake loading influences the structure; however the values are smaller compared to the other loadings. 2. The 4th loading combination (comb-4) gives the highest stress value among other loading combination in all type of SFT structures. It means that the most hazardous conditions due to seismic loadings occur when structure is in the empty condition or without any live loads. 3. The cable configuration of the type C give better structure behavior, although stresses and displacement of SFT body give similar value with type but stress of SFTs cable type C give smaller value than type . These because there are inclined cables in both type and C which can give a better horizontal restraint than type A. 4. The natural period from the three models gives the value quite far from the theoretical value based on Strouhal number. It can be concluded that the structure will have no resonance due to the fluid load.

Note :