OTF000001 Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01

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Course Code Product OTF101602 Developer/Modifie Time r Shenyang 2010-4 RTN
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Course Version ISSUE 1.01 New/Update
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Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page1
Digital Microwave Communication Principle

www.huawei.com
Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN equipments.
This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the course.
Page3
Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references first:
SDH Principle Network Communication Technology Electromagnetism Basics
Page4
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave communication
Describe the theory and function of every parts in the digital microwave system
List the networking application for digital microwave systems
List the fadings in microwave propagation List the common technologies of antifading
Page5
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
Page6
Transmission Methods for Communication

Coaxial Cable Fiber MUX
MUX
Radio Ter.
Microwave
Radio Ter.
Satellite
Page7
Fiber and Microwave transmission

Microwave (MW) Easy to cross the space, few land needed, avoid the private land Low investment, short period, easy to maintain Anti-natural disaster strongly , easy to be restored fast Need to apply the frequency license Performance affected by weather and landform Low transmission capacity Optical Fiber Optical cable construction, large land used. High investment, long Construction period Outside cable maintenance, natural disaster influence No frequency license required Performance stable, less influence from outside High transmission capacity
Page8
Microwave (MW) Definition
Microwave (MW)
A kind of electromagnetic wave. Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz. Be regard as plane wave. The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Page9
Digital MW communication concepts
The communication that use microwave as carrier is microwave communication.
The microwave communication with digital baseband signal is Digital microwave communication.
There is an intermediate frequency between digital baseband signal and radio frequency signal.
Page10
Developing of MW communication
155M
Capacity /ch
SDH Digital MW system
34/140M
Medium, low capacity Digital MW System
PDH Digital MW System 1990s to now
2/4/6/8 M
Analog MW System 1980s 1970s 1950s
480 tone channel s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from 10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large capacity.
Page11
Frequency Band and Radio Channel
The common frequency bands :
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. ) 1.

5 region z networks 2 8 3 Mbit/ 4 s 2.5GH
3. 3
long-distance backbone network 3

140 4 155 Mbit/ s 5
11 GHz
area and local network, boundary 2 network

8 3 14 4 155 0 Mbit/ s 2 0
GH z 3 0 4 0 5 0
1 0
Page12
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)
The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are defined in every frequency band. Frequency scope
Low frequency f0(central freq.) High frequency band band T/R Protectio Protectio T/R spacing spacing n n
spacing spacing
Chann el f1 spacin f2 g
Chann Adjacen el t T/R spacin fn spacing f1 g f2
fn
Page13
Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

Frequency scope 7425 7725MHz f0(7575M) T/R spacing: 154M 28M f1=7442 f2=7470 Freq. scope F0 (MHz) 154 161 196 196 161 7575 7110--7750 7275 7597 7250--7550 7400 . f5 f1=7596 (MHz) f2 f5 High site / low site Fn , Fn
T/R spacing
channel spacing(MHz) 28 7 28 28 3.5

Page14
7425--7725 7575
Modulation modes for Digital MW
The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the baseband signal.

Service signal Base band Signal rate
modulatio Channel bandwidth n Intermedia frequency (IF) signal
Digital base band signal
Page15
Modulation modes for Digital MW (cont.)
The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A*COS Wc*t+
Amplitude
Frequen Phas cy e Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and are constant Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and are constant Phase Shift Keying (PSK): is variable, A and Wc are constant Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and are variable, Wc is constant
PSK and QAM are commonly used in digital MW
Page16
MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):

171.072Mb/s 15.552Mb/s RFCOH STM-1 155.52Mb/s SOH Payload
MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA 11.84Mb/ 64Kb/s 16Kb/ 64Kb/s 2.24Mb/ 864Kb/ 144Kb/ 32Kb/s 288Kb/ s s s s s s
RSC MW service control MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation DMY: Dummy
IN: N:1 switch instruction ID: Identification
XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame synchronization ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS Wayside services
Page17
MW Frame Structure (cont.)
RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there are six rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multiframe consists of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one row in a sub-frame. The other 12 bits are used as FS.
Multi-frame 3564bit Sub-frame 1 1776bit 148 units
I I I I
I
6rows FS 6bit
I I I I
I
FS 6bit
I I I I
C2
Sub-frame 2 1776bit 148 units

I I I
I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I I
b
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
a
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
b
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
12bit first unit I STM-1 date bit a,b: other RFCOH C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit
12bit 148th unit FS: Frame sync.
Page18
Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication
What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?
What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?
What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation modes are used in digital MW?
Page19
Contents
Page20
Types of Digital MW Equipment

Modes Multiplexin g Capaci ty Digital MW PDH medium, low capacity
2 16E1 34M
Analog MW SDH Large capacity
STM0 STM-1 2 x STM-1
Discontinued
Trunk MW Structure split-mount MW All-outdoor MW
Page21
Trunk MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit MSTU: Main signal transceiver unit (transceiver, modem, SDH electric interface, hitless module) SCSU: surveil, control, switch unit BBIU: baseband interface unit (optional: STM-1 optical interface, C4 PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment
P M1 M2
Page22
All-outdoor MW Equipment
RF signal processing unit
IF cable
IF and baseband signal processing unit
Service and power cable
All-outdoor MW equipment
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page23
Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable RF unit or Outdoor unit (ODU) Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
Page24
Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)
Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge signal gain ODU: RF signal processing conversion between IF signal and RF signal. IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal , ODU management signal and supply power for ODU.
IDU: service access and distribute, multiple, modem and so on.
Page25
Split-mount MW Equipment Installation

Separate installation
Antenna ODU Soft waveguide (ODU) IF cable IF cable
Direct installation
Antenna
IDU IF interface
IDU
IF interface
Page26
Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used. The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna
Kasai Green antenna

Page27
Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can share one antenna.

Channe l 1 1 Channe l 1 1
T x R x
T x R x
n n
n n
Page28
Antenna Aligning
Main lobe
Side lobe
Side view
Rear lobe
Side lobe
Main lobe
Top view
Rear lobe
Page29
Antenna Aligning
Wrong
Wrong
Page30
Correct
Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain
The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the same point. It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB) :
Half power angle (3 dB beam width)
P D From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the pointsio = the G = where the power decrease half are half power point. The anglePi between
two half power points is half power angle. Approximate calculation formula
is:
0.5 = (650 ~ 70 0 )
Half power angle
Page31
Antenna Specifications (cont.)
Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
The suppressive intensity of power received from expected polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more than 30db. Formula is:
XdB 10lgPo/Px
Antenna protection ratio
It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other lobes to the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The 180 degree antenna protection ratio also be called as the front / rear protection ratio.
Page32
Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a frequency band.
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter. The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
Page33
Outdoor Unit (cont.)
The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)
Frequency stability
The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is from 3 to 10 ppm.
Transmitting frequency spectrum frame
A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
Page34
The main specifications of receiver
Work frequency band:
The receiving frequency of local station is the same with the remote station.
Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to 5dB.
Page35
The main specifications of receiver (cont.)
Passband
The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element rate.
Selectivity
The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission bands
Automatic gain control (AGC) range
Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power level when receiving RF power level shift in a range because of fading.
Page36
Indoor Unit

Accessing service like E1 or STM-1 Processing RFCOH Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Multiplex of microwave Service frame Demultiple accessing x of microwave frame Service Interfa channe ce of Monitor and l OM control unit DC/DC convert
Service channel
IF unit
modul ation demod ulation
Cable interface
Tx IF Rx IF
From/t o ODU
Page37
Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment
What components are there in the split-mount digital MW equipment What are the functions of them?
What are the main parameters of antenna
What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver
Page38
Summary

Classification of digital microwave equipment Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW equipment
Parameters of antenna Parameters of ODU Function of IDU
Page39
Contents
Page40
Common Networking Application

Ring Point to point link
Add / drop link Tree
Page41
Types of Digital MW Stations
The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay station and pivotal station
Termina l station
Relay statio n Pivot al statio n Termina l station
Pivotal station Termina l station
Page42
Types of Relay Stations

Passive Parabolic reflectors Plane reflector Relay station Regenerative relay IF relay RF relay
Active
Page43
Active Relay Stations
RF direct station:
Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without frequency shift. It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction to round the obstacles.
Regenerative relay station:
Page44
Passive Relay Stations
Parabolic reflectors:
It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected back to back with a section of waveguide. A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
Plane reflectors:
Page45
Passive Relay (actual picture)
Plane reflectors
Parabolic reflectors
Page46
Application of Digital MW
Supplement for optical network Special (the last transmission Backhaul transmissiomile access) situation n for (river, lake, mobile BTS Microwave island)
applicatio Emergency n communicatio Critical link

backup VIP customer access n large activity, crisis
Page47
Questions
Which network application are commonly used by digital MW?
What types of stations are there in the digital MW system?
What types of the relay stations are there?
What are the applications for digital MW system?
Page48
Contents
Page49
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies 4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
Page50
Factors Affect MW Propagation
Landform:
The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct Reflection
Direct Reflection
4 types of the landform:

A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings) B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently) C: flatland D: large acreage of water
Page51
Factors Affect MW Propagation (cont.)
Atmosphere and weather:
Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is over 12 GHz.
Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere. Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and snow. It mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is over 10 GHz.
Page52
Classification of the Fading

Fading mechanism Sustained duration Received level Effect
Fading in free space Absorption loss Fading of rain and fog Scintillation fading K facter fading Duct Type fading
Downward fading Upward Fading Frequency selective fading Fast Fading Slow Fading Flat fading
Page53
Free Space Fading
Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
d = distance in km d
GTX
f = frequency in GHz
GRX PTX = Output PRX = power Receiving power G = Antenna gain A = Free space loss M = Fading Margin A G PRX M distance
Power Level G PTX
Receiving threshold
Page54
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
Page55
Rain & Fog Fading
Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
less than 10 GHz, its fading caused by rain and fog is not serious.
over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading caused by rains.
over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several kilometers for the rain & fog fading.
Page56
K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of earth). the value of K is depend on the local meteorological phenomena
Re
Page57
Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Page58
Duct Type Fading
When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide, super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
Page59
Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
The receiving paths includes direct path and other reflection paths.
Multi-path fading is caused by the signals interference from different propagation paths
Groun d
Page60
Flat Fading
Upward fading Receive level in free space
Thresho ld (-30dB ) Fast fading 1h Slow fading Signal interruption
Page61
Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band distortion and decrease system original fading margin.
Receiving power (dBm)
Flat Normal Selective fading
Freq. (MHz)
Page62
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies 4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
Page63
Antifading Technologies
Types Antifading technologies related with device Adaptive Equalization Cross Polarization Interference Counteract Automatic Transmit Power Control Forward Error Correct Antifading technologies related with system Diversity receive technologies Improving effects Wave shape distortion Wave shape distortion
Power reduction Power reduction Wave shape distortion and Power reduction
Page64
Adaptive Frequency Equalization

Signal spectrum Slope frequency domain equalization Spectrum after equalizatio n
Multi-path fading
Page65
Adaptive Time Equalization
T C-n Before Equalizati on
C0
T Cn
After Equalization
-2Ts -Ts Ts
-2Ts -Ts Ts
Page66
Automatic Transmit Power Control
ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system, upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine characteristic of residual error rate.
modulat or transmitt er ATPC demodulat or receiver receiv er ATPC transmitt er modulat or demodulat or
Page67
XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.

30M Hz 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 8 340 MHz 3 4 5 6 680MH z 7 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7
Direction of electric field
Horizontal polarization
V (H) H (V)
Vertical polarization
MHz 680 30M Hz V (H) H (V) 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 340M Hz 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 8 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency configuration in U6GHz band ITU-R F.384-5

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page68
1X 2X 8X
3X
4X 5X
6X
7X 1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X
Diversity Reception
Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of fading. It includes:
Space diversity (SD) Frequency diversity (FD) Polarization diversity Angle diversity
Page69
Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna, but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1 f2
Page70
Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder and antenna.
f1
f1
Page71
Other Antifading Methods
blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or obstacles.
Page72
Other Antifading Methods (cont.)
Different height antennas in one hop.
Page73
Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave propagation?
What types of the fading are there in microwave propagation?
What types of antifading technologies can be used?
Page74
Summary

Digital microwave communication definitions. Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement Structure and function of digital microwave equipment
Application of digital microwave communication Microwave propagation and fading Antifading technologies
Page75
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Revision Record

Course Code Product OTF101602 Developer/Modifie Time r Shenyang 2010-4 RTN

Dont Print This Page

Product Version All Approver

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Digital Microwave Communication Principle

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Before this course, you may refer to these references first:

SDH Principle Network Communication Technology Electromagnetism Basics

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave communication

List the networking application for digital microwave systems

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transmission Methods for Communication

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fiber and Microwave transmission

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microwave (MW) Definition

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Digital MW communication concepts

The communication that use microwave as carrier is microwave communication.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

PDH Digital MW System 1990s to now

Analog MW System 1980s 1970s 1950s

480 tone channel s

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Band and Radio Channel

The common frequency bands :

7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. ) 1.

long-distance backbone network 3

area and local network, boundary 2 network

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

Chann Adjacen el t T/R spacin fn spacing f1 g f2

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)

channel spacing(MHz) 28 7 28 28 3.5

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modulation modes for Digital MW

The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the baseband signal.

modulatio Channel bandwidth n Intermedia frequency (IF) signal

Digital base band signal

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modulation modes for Digital MW (cont.)

The frequency carrier signal can be described as:

PSK and QAM are commonly used in digital MW

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):

RSC MW service control MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation DMY: Dummy

IN: N:1 switch instruction ID: Identification

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MW Frame Structure (cont.)

Sub-frame 2 1776bit 148 units

12bit 148th unit FS: Frame sync.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication

What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.