OSI Model Layer Lecture 09

Course Conducted by Shuvodip Das, Lecturer, Department of ETE, Prime Unversity, Bangladesh.

OSI Model Layer

y OSI Model is a layered framework for the design of

network system that allows communication between all types of computer systems. It consists of 7 separate but related layers. y At layer 1 the entire packet is converted to a form that can be transmitted to the receiving device. At the Receiver, the message is unwrapped layer by layer, with each process receiving and removing the data meant for it.

OSI Model Layer: Physical Layer y Physical Layer:

y Physical Layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop

(node) to the next.

Functions/Responsibilities:
y Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium y Representation of bits: Physical layer defines the types of encoding to

be used. (Encoding converts 0 and 1 into digital signal) y Synchronization of bits:  Transmitter and receiver must use the same bit rate  Transmitter and receiver clock must be synchronized. Line Configuration: Whether to use point-to-point/ point-to-multipoint. y PhysicalTopology: y Transmission mode: Whether to use simplex, half or full duplex.

OSI Model Layer: Data link layer

y Data Link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop

(node) to the next.

y Functions/ Responsibilities:
y Framing: Stream of bits received from the network layer are

converted into manageable data units called Frames. y Physical Addressing: Data link layer adds the address of destination and the identification of source at the header. y Flow Control: Data link layer manages the frame flow control so that the Tx and Rxs data rate matches. y Error Control: Mechanism to detect lost frames, retransmit lost frames and recognize duplicate frames. Error control is achieved by a trailer added to the end of the frame.

OSI Model Layer: Network Layer

y Network Layer is responsible for the source to destination

delivery of a packet across multiple network.

(If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need for a network layer. If two systems are attached to different networks (links) then, Network Layer is required.)

Functions/ Responsibilities: y Logical Addressing: Data link layers adds a physical address of the destination, that serves the purpose locally (within a network). But when packets moves between networks then another addressing is required logical addressing including logical address of source and destination. y Routing: To connect independent networks (in Internet) we use routers.That route or switch the packets to their final destination. since routers share their routing table so they know the router next to it and can choose which path/link to follow to reach to the destination.

OSI Model Layer: Transport Layer

y Transport Layer is responsible for process to process delivery of the entire

message. (Process is an application program running on a host).

y Functions/Responsibilities: y Service Point Addressing: Computer run several programs at the same time. Sourceto-destination delivery means delivery not only from one computer to the next but also from a specific process on one computer to a specific process on the other. Transport layer include service point addressing/port addressing to the header. y Segmentation and reassembly: A message is divided into transmittable segments and these segments contain sequence number. When these segments reach to the destination then transport layer arrange or reassembly these segments according to their sequence number. Sequence number also comes into act when packets are lost and asked for retransmission. y Flow Control: Transport layer perform end to end Flow control. y Error Control: Performs error control on process to process. Sending transport layer makes sure that the entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer without error. Retransmission is used as error correction.

OSI Model Layer: Session Layer

y Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization. It

establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among communication system. y Functions/Responsibilities:

y Dialog Control: It allows the communications between two

processes to take place in either half or full duplex. y Synchronization: Session layer allows a process to add checkpoints or synchronization points, to a stream of data. (For example: if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure that each 100 page unit is received and acknowledged independently. If a crash happened during the transmission of page 523, the only page that need to be resent after system recovery are pages from 501 to 523. Pages previous to 501 need not be resend. )

OSI Model Layer: Presentation Layer

y The Presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression and encryption. Functions/Responsibilities:

y Translation: Processes are exchanging information in the form of character strings,

numbers. The information must be changed to bit stream before being transmitted. Different computer use different encoding system. Presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between those different encoding methods. At the sending end, the presentation layer changes the information from its sender-dependent format into a common format. At the receiving end, presentation layer changes the information from its common format into its receiver dependent format.
y Encryption: Encryption performs privacy. In encryption, the sender transforms the

original information to another form and sends the resulting message over the network.
y Compression: Reduces the number of bits contained in the information.

OSI Model Layer: Application Layer

Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

y Services provided by application layer includes y Network virtual terminal y File Transfer, access and Management (FTAM): This application

allows a user to access - files in a remote host - retrieve file from remote host computer for use in the local computer. - Manage and control files in a remote computer. y Mail Services: Email forwarding and storage. y Applications are: X.400 (Message handling services), X.500 (Directory Service) and File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM).