CHNG 6

TCP/IP VA CAC NG DUNG

TCP/IP VA CAC NG DUNG

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/ IP 6.2 a ch IP (IP address) 6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP) 6.4 Giao thc phan giai a ch ngc (RARP)

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
 

Mo hnh TCP/IP ra i trong nhng nam 1970, c phat trien da tren mo hnh OSI TCP/IP cung cap cac phng tien truyen thong lien mang giup cho cac he thong mang khac nhau co the lam viec vi nhau TCP/IP c s dung nh giao thc mang va van chuyen tren mang Internet TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) la giao thc thuoc tang van chuyen va IP (Internet Protocol) la giao thc thuoc tang mang cua mo hnh OSI

 

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
 S lien quan gia cac lp cua mo hnh TCP/IP vi OSI:

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
a.
Gom nhieu giao thc cung cap ng dung cho ngi dung. Mot so giao thc thong dung cua lp nay la: + DHCP + DNS + SNMP + FTP + TFTP + SMTP + TELNET + IMAP + POP3 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) (Domain Name System) (Simple Network Management Protocol) (File Transfer Protocol) (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) (Internet Message Access Protocol) (Post Office Protocol)

Physical Lp ng dung (Application Layer):

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
b. Lp van chuyen (Transport Layer):  Thc hien chc nang quan ly va kiem tra truyen thong gia cac may tnh.  Co chc nang nh lp van chuyen cua mo hnh OSI  S dung cong (port) e xac nh ng dung nao cua tang tren se nhan d lieu.  Co 2 giao thc chnh la:
+ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) +UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
c.  Lp lien ket mang (Internet Layer): Co nhiem vu anh a ch, ong goi va nh tuyen d lieu  Co chc nang giong vi chc nang cua lp lien mang (Network) cua mo hnh OSI  Bon giao thc quan trong thuoc lp nay gom:
+ IP +ARP +ICMP (Internet Protocol)

(Address Resolution Protocol

(Internet Control Message Protocol)

+IGMP

(Internet Group Management

6.1 Tong quan ve TCP/

IP
d. Lp giao dien mang (Network Interface layer):  Co trach nhiem nhan va truyen d lieu gia cac thiet b mang  Xac nhan loai thiet b cho qua trnh truyen  Tang nay gom co cac thiet b phan cng vat ly nh card mang, cap mang  Co nhiem vu tng ng nh lp vat ly cua giao hnh OSI  Cac giao thc thuoc lp nay gom: ATM, Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame Relay

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Trong mang TCP/IP, moi may s dung mot a ch e phan biet va xac nh v tr lan nhau. a ch nay goi la a ch IP IP cua moi thiet b mang la  a ch

duy nhat  a ch IP (version 4) la mot a ch nh phan dai 32 bit va gom hai phan : + nh danh mang (network ID) + nh danh host (host ID) Va c chia lam 4 octet, moi octet gom 1 byte, viet di dang: X.Y.Z.W

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 V du, ta co a ch nh sau:

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Cac lp a ch IP:

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Cac lp a ch IP:

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Cac lp a ch IP:

Lp A

 Bit au tien cua a ch lp A luon la 0  8 bit au tien danh cho nh danh mang  Khoang a ch co the dung c : 1.0.0.0 z 126.0.0.0  24 bit con lai danh cho a ch host  Tong so host hp le c dung trong mang lp A la: 224 2 = 16777214.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Cac lp a ch IP:

Lp B

 2 bit au tien cua a ch lp B luon la 10  2 octet au tien danh cho nh danh mang  Khoang a ch co the dung c : 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0  2 octet con lai danh cho a ch host  Tong so host hp le c dung trong mang lp B la: 216 -2 = 65534 .

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Cac lp a ch IP:

Lp C

 3 bit au tien cua a ch lp C luon la 110  3 octet au tien danh cho nh danh mang  Khoang a ch co the dung c : 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0  1 octet con lai danh cho a ch host  Tong so host hp le c dung trong mang lp B la: 28 -2 = 254 .

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

D, E 
 Cac lp a ch IP: Lp
Lp D va E :s dung cho muc ch ac biet.  Lp D c s dung cho muc ch multicast  Lp E c s dung cho muc ch m rong.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Tom tat cac lp a 1.0.0.0 z 126.0.0.0 : Lp A ch IP: 127.0.0.0 : a ch Loopback. 128.0.0.0 z 191.255.0.0 : Lp B. 192.0.0.0 z 223.255.255.0 : Lp C. 224.0.0.0 < 240.0.0.0 : Lp D, multicast 240.0.0.0 : Lp E, reserved.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Mat na mang (network mask)mot so dai 32 bit, la phng tien  La
giup may xac nh c a ch mang cua mot a ch IP  Mat na mang cung cho biet so bit nam trong phan hostID

 c xay dng theo cach: bat cac bit tng ng vi phan netID va tat cac bit tng ng vi phan hostID

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Mat na mang (network mask)

Mat na mac nh cua cac lp a ch la:  Lp A: 255.0.0.0  Lp B: 255.255.0.0  Lp C: 255.255.255.0

 Mat na mang (network mask): lp C : 192.168.10.100/ 255.255.255.0 (or /24) a ch mang

IP Address 11000000. N . 101010000. N 11111111. 101010000. . AND operation Default 11111111. subnet Mask Network address 11000000. 11111111. 00001010. 00000000 00000000 00001010. N . 01100100 H

a ch mang lp A : 10.0.160.13/ 255.255.240.0 (or /20) IP Address 00001010. N . 00000000. sN 11111111. 00000000. . AND operation Subnet Mask 11111111. Network address 00001010. 11110000. 10100000. 00000000 00000000 10100000. sN H. 00001101 H

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 a ch mang (Network address):

 La a ch IP c dung e at cho chnh mang o  a ch nay khong the dung e at cho mot interface  Phan hostID cua a ch ch cha cac bit 0.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 a ch mang (Network address):

Ch : 2 host hay 2 interface c a router mu n giao ti p tr c ti p v i nhau th 2 a ch IP ny ph i cng a ch m ng

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

V du: 176.10.0.0 la mot a ch mang

Tat ca cac bit trong phan hostID eu bang 0

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 a ch Broadcast tr c ti p:
 Trong l p A, B, C, m t a ch m t t c cc bit c a ph n Host id u = 1 c g i l a ch qu ng b tr c ti p  M t router s s d ng a ch qu ng b tr c ti p g i m t gi tin n t t cc cc host trong m t m ng n i v i 1 interface c a n Th d : 19.255.255.255 145.6.255.255 203.162.4.255

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

V du: 176.10.255.255 la mot a ch

Broadcast

Tat ca cac bit trong phan hostID eu bang 1

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 a ch Broadcast gi i h n:
 Trong l p A, B, C, m t a ch m t t c cc bit c a ph n Net id v Host id u = 1 c g i l a ch qu ng b gi i h n. chnh l a ch : 255.255.255.255  M t host mu n g i m t gi tin (packet) hay thng i p n t t c cc host khc trong m ng s s d ng a ch qu ng b gi i h n lm a ch ch trong gi tin IP  Router s kho gi tin c a ch qu ng b gi i h n lm a ch IP ch trong gi tin IP trnh tnh tr ng ng p l t gi tin IP trong lin m ng

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 THIS HOST ON THIS NETWOR
 M t a ch m t t c cc bit c a ph n Net id v Host id u=0 c g i l a ch this host on this network. chnh l a ch : 0.0.0.0  M t my tnh ch a bi t a ch IP c a n s s d ng a ch ny lm a ch ngu n, cn a ch Qu ng b gi i h n lm a ch IP ch trong gi tin IP g i n server tm a ch IP c a n  Trong th c t , trong m ng khng a c ng (diskless network) cc my tnh s d ng a ch ny tm a ch IP c a n

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 SPECIFIC HOST ON THIS NETWORK
 M t a ch IP m t t c cc bit c a ph n Net id u = 0 c g i l a ch Specific host on this network  M t host s d ng a ch IP ny m t thng i p (message) hay gi tin (packet) n m t host khc trong cng m ng v i n  Router s kho gi tin IP c s d ng ch ch a ch ny lm a

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 SPECIFIC HOST ON THIS NETWORK
Th d : 0.0.0.64 0.0.145.6 0.4.5.6 Ch : T t c cc a ch ny u thu c l p A

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 a ch chung va a ch rieng  Tat ca cac host khi ket noi vao mang

Internet eu phai co mot a ch IP do to chc IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) cap phat => goi la a ch hp le hay a ch chung  RFC 1918 danh rieng mot vai day a ch IP cho cac mang rieng

 Lp A:  Lp B:

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255. 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255.

 Lp C: 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 C che NAT (Network Address
Translation)

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)
Phn m ng con l m t k thu t cho php nh qu n tr m ng chia m t m ng thnh nh ng m ng con nh , nh c c cc ti n l i sau:  n gi n ha vi c qu n tr : V i s tr gip c a cc router, cc m ng c th c chia ra thnh nhi u m ng con (subnet) m chng c th c qu n l nh nh ng m ng c l p v hi u qu h n  C th thay khng lm nh h ch c c th ti p t m khng c n ph i c u trc bn trong c a m ng m ng n cc m ng bn ngoi. M t t c s d ng cc a ch IP cc p i l y thm kh i a ch m i

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (tt)
 T ng c ng tnh b o m t c a h th ng : Phn m ng con s cho php m t t ch c phn tch m ng bn trong c a h thnh m t lin m ng nh ng cc m ng bn ngoi v n th y l m t m ng duy nh t.  C l p cc lu ng giao thng trn m ng : V i s tr gip c a cc router, giao thng trn m ng c th c gi m c th p nh t c th .

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con V du, xet mot mang lp A nh hnh (subneting)
6.2

Hnh 6.2: Phan phoi d lieu en mot mang lp A

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)

Hnh 6.3: To chc mang e phan phoi hieu qua

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)

Hnh 6.4: Mo hnh khong phan chia mang con

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)

Hnh 6.5: Mo hnh co phan chia mang con

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)
Xet ve kha canh ky thuat, chia mang con la viec dung mot so bit trong phan hostID ban au e at cho cac mang con. Luc nay, a ch gom 3 phan: NetID, subnetID, va hostID.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)

a ch mang lp C: 192.168.10.0 11000000. N N . . 11000000. 101010000. N N . . 101010000. 00001010. N N . . sN 00001010. 00000000 H 00000000 H

a ch mang lp B: 132.10.0.0 10000100. N N . . 10000100. 00001010. N N . . 00001010. 00000000. H sN . H. 00000000 00000000 H 00000000 H 00000000 H 00000000 H

a ch mang lp A: 10.0.0.0 00001010. N N . . 00001010. 00000000. H sN . . sN 00000000. 00000000. H . H. 00000000.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)
 So bit dung cho phan subnetID bao nhieu la tuy thuoc vao chien lc chia mang con cua ngi quan tr. Tuy nhien, subnetID khong the chiem tron so bit trong phan hostID ban au, cu the la: subnetID hostID 2  Cac luat phan chia mang con chnh thc khong cho phep cac dang toan bit 1 hoac toan bit 0 trong cac nh danh subnet.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con (subneting)
 So subnet 2n 2, vi n la so bit mn e chia subnet  So host 2m 2, vi m la so bit con lai sau khi a tr i so bit mn Vay: e chia toi thieu co the mn e chia So bit subnet
subnet So 2 bit la: bit toi a co the mn e chia subnet la: Lp A: 22 bit ~ 222 - 2 = 4.194.302 subnet. Lp B: 14 bit ~ 214 - 2 = 16.382 subnet. Lp C: 06 bit ~ 206 - 2 = 62 subnet.

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con  (subneting) Trc khi thc hien phan chia mang con,
ngi quan tr mang can thc hien cac bc sau: Xac nh so subnet can? Xac nh so host yeu cau tren moi subnet?

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Phan chia mang con  Cac bc thc (subneting)
hien: Bc 1: Xac nh so subnet ID can => so bit can mn e chia subnet. Bc 2: Xac nh khoang a ch host tren moi subnet Bc 3: Tm subnet mask da tren so bit a mn e chia subnet. Bc 4: Xac nh a ch broadcast tren moi subnet

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):



 V du: cho a ch IP: Hay chia a ch nay thanh 6 mang con. 172.16.0. 0

 Tnh so host/ subnet, subnet mask, khoang a ch IP trong moi subnet, a ch broacast Giai y a ch 172.16.0.0 : la a ch lp B Subnet mask mac nh la: 255.255.0.0 y So subnet 2n 2 (vi n la so bit mn e chia subnet) 2n 2 = 6 => n = 3 Mn 3 bit e chia subnet

Subnet 1: .00100000.00000000 = 32 = 6.2 a ch IP (IP address): 1x25 = 64 = Subnet 2: .01000000.00000000 2x25 Subnet 3: .01100000.00000000 = 96 = 3x25 Subnet 4: .10000000.00000000 = 128 = 4x25 = 160 = Subnet 5: .10100000.00000000 5x25 Subnet 6: .11000000.00000000 y So host 2m 2 (vi m la so bit con lai= sau 192 = 6x25 tr i so bit mn e chia subnet) khi a Subnet 7: = So host/subnet .11100000.00000000 = 8190 = 2(16-3) 2 = 213 2 224 = 7x25 host/subnet

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):


Tm subnet mask

Vay subnet 255.255.224.0

mask

la:

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 Xac nh a ch broadcast tren moi subnet

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

 V du: cho a ch IP: 172.26.128.  Hay chia a ch nay thanh 12 mang con. 0/19
 Tnh so host/ subnet, subnet mask, khoang a ch IP trong moi subnet, a ch Giai broacast y a ch 172.26.128. 0/19 : la a ch lp B Subnet mask la: 255.255.224.0 y So subnet 2n 2 (vi n la so bit mn e chia subnet) 2n 2 = 12 => n = 4 Mn 4 bit e chia subnet

6.2 a ch IP (IP address):

Subnet 0: Subnet 1: Subnet 2: Subnet 3: Subnet 4: Subnet 15: Subnet 16: .10000000.00000000 .10000010.00000000 .10000100.00000000 .10000110.00000000 .10001000.00000000 .10011100.00000000 .10011110.00000000 m = 128 = 130 = 132 = 134 = 136 = 156 = 158

y So host 2 2 (vi m la so bit con lai sau khi a tr i so bit mn e chia subnet)

So host/subnet = 2(16-3-5) 2 = 29 2 = 512 host/subnet

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

 e cac may tnh co the thong tin vi nhau, thiet b gi (source) phai biet ca a ch IP va a ch MAC (a ch vat ly) cua thiet b nhan (destination)  Mot host phai biet a ch vat ly cua bo tng thch mang ch e gi bat ky d lieu nao en no  Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) : cho phep anh xa cac a ch IP vao cac a ch vat ly

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

Hnh 6.6:

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

Khi 2 may tnh thuoc cung mot LAN

Hnh 6.7: Trng hp may tnh truyen va may tnh nhan thuoc cung mot LAN

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

Hnh 6.8: May gi kiem tra a ch MAC va a ch IP cua may nhan trong bang ARP

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

MAC ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff MAC
02.06.8C.01.02.03 197.15.22.33 197.15.22.126

IP

IP

What is your MAC Addr?

197.15.22.33
02.06.8C.01.02.03

197.15.22.44
00.00.A2.05.09.89

197.15.22.126
00.05.5D.88.94.F2

Hnh 6. 9: May truyen gi khung yeu cau ARP (gi broadcast)

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

MAC ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff MAC
02.06.8C.01.02.03 197.15.22.33 197.15.22.126

IP

IP

What is your MAC Addr?

197.15.22.33

197.15.22.44 00.00.A2.05.09.89

197.15.22.126 00.05.5D.88.94.F2

02.06.8C.01.02.03

Hnh 6.10: May nhan xac nh c a ch IP trong khung yeu cau ARP la cua no

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

MAC MAC
02.06.8C.01.02.03 00.05.5D.88.94.F2

IP

IP

197.15.22.126 197.15.22.33

This is my MAC Addr

197.15.22.33
02.06.8C.01.02.03

197.15.22.44
00.00.A2.05.09.89

197.15.22.126
00.05.5D.88.94.F2

Hnh 6. 11: May nhan gi khung ap ng ARP

6.3 Giao thc phan giai a ch (ARP):

ARP Table:
00.05.5D.88.94.F2 197.15.22.126

MAC

MAC

00.05.5D.88.94.F2 02.06.8C.01.02.03 197.15.22.33 197.15.22.126

IP

IP

Data

197.15.22.33
02.06.8C.01.02.03

197.15.22.44
00.00.A2.05.09.89

197.15.22.126
00.05.5D.88.94.F2

Hnh 6.12: a ch MAC va a ch IP cua may nhan c cap nhat trong bang ARP cua may gi

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

Khi 2 may tnh cach xa nhau:

Hnh 6.13: Trng hp may tnh truyen va may tnh nhan cach xa nhau (khac LAN)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

a. Card mang b. Cap mang c. Hub d. Repeater e. Bridge f. Switch

g. Router

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

a. Card mang

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang
e.g. 10BASE-T 10BASE5 10BASE2 10 Base T

LAN Speed 10Mbps

Type of cable & max length

Base=Baseband Broad=broadband

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang: Cap ong truc

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang: Cap UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang: Cap UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang: Cap STP (Shield Twisted Pair)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

b. Cap mang: Cap STP (Shield Twisted Pair)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

 Cap noi thang (Straight-through Cable)

 Switch to router  Switch to PC  Hub to PC

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

 Cap noi cheo (Cross-over Cable)

 Switch to switch  Switch to hub  Hub to hub  Router to router  PC to PC  Router to PC

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

 au noi RJ45:

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

c. Hub

Hub 8 port

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

c. Hub:  La bo tap trung hay bo chia e au noi mang theo mo hnh tap trung. Co 3 loai hub:  Passive hub   Active hub Intelligent hub

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

c. Hub:  Passive hub  La thiet b au noi cap, dung e chuyen tn hieu t oan cap nay en cac oan cap khac  Khong co linh kien ien t va nguon rieng nen khong khuech ai va x ly tn hieu.

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

c. Hub:  Active hub  La thiet b au noi cap, dung e chuyen tn hieu t oan cap nay en cac oan cap khac vi chat lng cao hn  Thiet b nay co linh kien ien t va

nguon rieng nen co the khuech ai va x ly tn hieu truyen gia cac thiet b mang.  Qua trnh x ly tn hieu c goi la tai sinh tn hieu => gia thanh cao hn so vi Passive hub.

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

c. Hub: Intelligent hub  La mot active hub, co them cac chc nang vt troi nh: + Cho phep quan ly t cac may tnh, chuyen mach + Cho phep tn hieu chuyen en ung port can nhan, khong chuyen en cac port khong lien quan 

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

d. Repeater (bo lap hay bo chuyen tiep)  La thiet b dung e khuech ai tn hieu tren cac oan cap dai.
Khi truyen d lieu tren cac oan cap dai, tn hieu ien se b suy yeu i, neu ta muon m rong kch thc mang th dung repeater e khuech ai tn hieu va truyen i tiep. Tuy nhien, neu tiep tuc dung nhieu repeater e khuech ai va m rong mang th d lieu se b sai lech v moi lan khuech ai tn hieu ien yeu se b sai lech.

 Thiet b nay hoat ong lp vat ly trong mo hnh OSI nen no ch hieu tn hieu ien nen khong loc c d lieu bat ky dang nao

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

d. Reapeter

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

e. Bridge  La thiet b cho phep noi ket 2 nhanh mang, co chc nang chuyen co chon loc cac goi tin en nhanh mang cha may nhan goi tin.  e loc c cac goi tin va biet c goi tin nao thuoc nhanh mang nao th bridge phai cha bang a ch MAC ng vi tng tram.  Do bridge hieu c a ch MAC nen bridge hoat ong lp th 2 (data link) trong mo hnh OSI

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

e. Bridge

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

e. Bridge  Khi bridge nhan mot frame tren mang, a ch MAC cua tram ch c kiem tra trong bang a ch MAC lu tren bridge e quyet nh loc hoac chuyen tiep frame en oan mang khac .  Neu a ch cua tram ch thuoc cung nhanh mang vi tram nguon th bridge chan frame en cac nhanh mang khac. Qua trnh nay c goi la loc (filtering)

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

e. Bridge Xet v du nh hnh ve sau: D lieu can truyen t may V en may Xc

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

V tram ch va tram nguon thuoc cung mot nhanh nen goi tin khong c truyen quang ba en cac nhanh khac.

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

e. Bridge  Neu a ch cua tram ch thuoc khac nhanh mang vi tram nguon th bridge se chuyen frame en nhanh mang thch hp. Qua trnh nay c goi la forwarding

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

Xet v du nh hnh ve sau: D lieu can truyen t may V en may Hh

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

6.5 Cac thiet b phan cng mang :

Switches

Layer 2 bridging
00000CAAAAAA
A

00000CAAAAA A

00000CDDDDD

00000CBBBBBB
B

MAC Address 00000CAAAAAA

1

Port 1 1 2 2

00000CBBBBBB 00000CCCCCCC 00000CDDDDDD

2 00000CCCCCCC
C

00000CDDDDDD
D