c hc mi trng

Chng I

m u
gs. Ts. ng kim chi
Vin KH v CN mi trng - i hc bch khoa h ni

2007

Ni dung chnh

1.1. c hc v c cht mi trng 1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

c hc mI trng Chng 1

1.3. Quan h gia liu lng - phn ng

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1.1. c hc 1.1.1. c hc:

v c cht mi trng

Khoa hc nghin cu nh lng v nh tnh v tc hi ca cc tc nhn ho hc, vt l, sinh hc ln h thng sinh hc ca c th sng. L khoa hc lin qua n nhiu lnh vc v cn xc nh cc gii hn an ton ca cc tc nhn tc c c hi ln c th sng 1.1.2. Cht c: L cc tc nhn khi xm nhp vo c th gy nn
c hc mI trng Chng 1

cc bin i xu dn ti trng thi bnh l ca cc c quan hoc ton b c th sng

Cc tc nhn ho hc: chim 90% cc dng cht c

Cc tc nhn vt l: to, sng in t, tia phng x.

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Tc nhn sinh hc: Vi khun, Virus gy bnh, bo t,

1.1. c hc v c cht mi trng

1.1.3. c hc mi trng:
L ngnh khoa hc ca c hc, tp trung nghin

cu cc tc ng gy hi ca c cht tn ti trong mi trng i vi cc sinh vt sng v con ngi, tc ng ln qun th v cng ng trong mt h sinh thi.
c hc mI trng Chng 1

Tc nhn c mi trng: ch yu l cc cht gy

nhim mi trng, pht sinh t qu trnh bin i t nhin trong mi trng hoc nhn to.
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1.1. c hc v c cht mi trng

c hc mi trng (HMT) l mt nhnh ca c

hc, nghin cu cc cht c tc ng trc tip ln c th sng.

Cc lnh vc nghin cu:

- c ho hc mi trng: nghin cu cc cht nhim s cp gy c ln c th sng (80 90%

c hc mI trng Chng 1

nghin cu c cht. - c hc sinh hc mi trng: cc sinh vt trong mi trng gy c vi c th sng. - c hc vt l mi trng: nghin cu cc tc nhn vt l gy c.
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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

1.2.1. Tnh c nh nghi: L tc ng ca cht c ln c th sng. 1.2.2. Cc c trng ca tnh c (6 c trng): a. Tnh c ca mt cht i vi cc c quan khc
c hc mI trng Chng 1

nhau l khc nhau: VD: Hg (dng hi) gy ph hu no nhng khng gy c i vi d dy.

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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

b. Tnh c ca cc cht khc nhau ln cng mt c quan l khc nhau: VD: As: gy ung th da; NO2: khng gy ung th da. c. Tn ti mt liu lng ti thiu c th quan st
c hc mI trng Chng 1

c tc ng ca cht c biu hin ln c th (LOEL: Low Observed Effect Level) VD: SO2: 0,3 mg/m3 gy nga c, ho. d. Tn ti mt liu lng ti thiu c th gy cht cho c th (quan st thy)
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1.2.Tnh c c tnh cc c trng e. Tnh c v thun ngch hoc

thun nghch:

khng

Tnh thun nghch: cht c vo c th c hp th, phn b, o thi m khng li tc ng hoc di chng no. V d: CO gy chng mt, nu c ht O2 th s ht v khng gy tc ng.
c hc mI trng Chng 1

Tnh khng thun nghch: cht c vo c th c th li di chng. V d: H2SO4 gy chy da khi tip xc vi da, Dioxin khi i vo c th s tch t li v gy ung th gan.
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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

f. Tn ti c cp tnh v mn tnh: Nhim c cp tnh: - Tc ng ca cht c ln c th sng xut hin rt sm sau khi tip xc vi cht c v sau thi gian tip xc ngn. - c im: nng v liu lng cht c
c hc mI trng Chng 1

thng ln, thi gian tip xc ngn, gy tc ng vi mt s t cc th, mang tnh cc b.

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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

Nhim c cp tnh (tip): V d: Cht c tc ng ln 1000 c (khng phi khu vc xung quanh); r r cht c gy cht vi chc ngi (n ); nhim c kh khi o ging,.... - Thng s LC50: Nng gy cht 50% s sinh vt (SV) tham gia thc nghim vi mt cht c nht nh: LC50, n v: mg/l
c hc mI trng Chng 1

-Thng s LD50: liu lng cht c gy cht 50% s SV c th nghim, n v mg/kg c th - Ngoi ra cn cc thng s LT50 (LC50 = const, LD50 = const); EC50, ED50; LOEL, LOEC (Low Observed Effect Concentration)
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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

Nhim c mn tnh: L nhng biu hin nhim c xut hin sau thi gian tip xc vi tc nhn c v c th biu hin suy gim sc kho.

c hc mI trng Chng 1

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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

c im ca nhim c mn tnh: - C s tch lu cht c trong c th sng. VD: Cd, Hg, Pb, PCBs, Dioxin,.... - Nng , liu lng thp v tip xc trong thi gian di. VD: ung ru, ht thuc l.
c hc mI trng Chng 1

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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

c im ca nhim c mn tnh (tip): - Thng xy ra vi s ng c th. VD: Asenic t ging ngm Bng La t (do cu to a cht), cp nc cho Thnh ph, gy ung th thn, vim da,...
c hc mI trng Chng 1

- Biu hin trong ng c mn tnh thng ch xut hin khi sc kho gim st. VD: mt mi, km n, suy gim min dch, t bin gen, ung th, sinh con qui thai,...
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1.2. Tnh c v cc c trng

nh gi nhim c mn tnh Xc nh nng ngng c th gy ra cc tc ng c hi -MATC: Nng cc i c th chp nhn c khi nh gi. y l nng thp hn nng (liu l ng) nhim c cp tnh rt nhiu (< 100 ln). * Mi lin h gia nhim c mn tnh v cp tnh NOEL < MATC < LOEL + H s chp nhn AF (Application Factor) l i l ng khng th nguyn, khng tn ti tnh cht ho hc. AF = MATC/LC50 (hoc MATC/LD50) VD: cht A c NOEL = 0,5 mg/l; LOEL = 2 mg/l; LD50 = 14 10 mg/kg c th ng Kim Chi

c hc mI trng Chng 1

1.3. Quan h liu lng - phn ng

1.3.1. Liu lng v nng Liu lng: L mc phn b cht c ln c th sinh vt. (mg/kg c th) Nng : L mc phn b c cht trong mi trng m c th sinh vt tip xc ( mg/l hoc mg/m3).
c hc mI trng Chng 1

1.3.2. Phn ng ca c th: L cc biu hin v sinh l, sinh hc, hnh vi ca c th do tc ng ca cht c ln c th .
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1.3. Quan h liu lng - phn ng

1.3.3. Quan h gia liu lng v s phn ng (hnh 1.1):

100%
A

100%

c hc mI trng Chng 1

A LD50

B LD50

VS a c gns gn n h K

50 %

50 %

Liu lng (mg/kg)

NOEL

LOEL

A LD50

B Liu LD50

lng (mg/kg)

Thi gian: t = const

Hnh 1.1. Quan h gia liu lng v s phn ng

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