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CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 2. Cc yu cu c bn
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. H thng chiu sng lm vic * H thng chiu sng chung: L h thng chiu sng cho b mt lm vic ca phn xng c ri ng u to iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng trong phn xng + Phn b u: + Phn b chn lc: - u im, nhc im: u im: To nn ri u c nh hng rt tt ti mt, c th dng n chiu sng cng sut ln nng cao hiu sut chiu sng. Nhc im: Lng ph in nng v khng phi ch no cng yu cu ri nh nhau.
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. H thng chiu sng lm vic * H thng chiu sng chung: * Chiu sng cc b. - u im: + To ra ri cao nhng ni cn thit + C th iu chnh c hng chiu sng. + C th dng cc n chiu sng in p thp nng cao hiu xut. + Khi khng lm vic c th tt n do tit kim in nng.
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. H thng chiu sng lm vic b. H thng chiu sng s c. L h thng chiu sng to ra nh sng cn thit, khi xy ra s c mng chiu sng chnh. H thng chiu sng s c phi bo m c nh sng cng nhn s tn khi ni nguy him hoc tin hnh thao tc s l s c.
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. H thng chiu sng lm vic b. H thng chiu sng s c. * c im ca h thng chiu sng s c: - Nh sn xut c trn 50 cng nhn phi c h thng chiu sng s c. - Ngun cung cp cho chiu sng s c phi ly t ngun d phng hoc t c qui. - H thng chiu sng s c c th lm vic ng thi vi h thng chiu sng lm vic hoc phi c thit b t ng ng tc thi h thng chiu sng s c vo hot ng khi h thng chiu sng lm vic b s c. - Chiu sng s c c th c hai b phn, mt b phn lm vic ng thi vi chiu sng lm vic, mt b phn c t ng ng hoc ng bng tay khi h thng chiu sng lm vic b s c.
CHNG 8 : TNH TON CHIU SNG 8-1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. H thng chiu sng lm vic b. H thng chiu sng s c. c. H thng chiu sng ngoi tri. Chiu sng ngoi tri chu nh hng ca cc yu t kh hu nh sng m, ma, bi khi... Nn cc ngun sng phi c la chn c bit.
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8-2 CC I LNG V N V C BN TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F) Quang thng chnh l cng sut ca nh sng khi xt n c im cm th nh sng ca mt ngi. n v quang thng l Lumen, k hiu l Lm. Cng c khi n v quang thng l W. Quan h gia Lm v W nh sau:
1( Lm) =
Nu nh sng bao gm nhiu tia sng vi cc bc sng t ( 1 2) th quang thng s c tnh nh sau:
1 (W ) 683
F = F k .d .k
1
8-2 CC I LNG V N V C BN TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F): 2. Cng sng (I):
r 0 S
8-2 CC I LNG V N V C BN TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F): 2. Cng sng (I): L mt khng gian ca quang thng, hay l do hm ca quag thng theo gc khng gian.
dF I= d
n v cng sng l Candela, k hiu l Cd. 1Lm = 1Cd 1Sr * Ch : Gc khng gian d c n v l Steradian, k hiu Sr. S 4. ..r 2 = 2= = 4. (Sr) 2 r r S l din tch ta nhn t tm 0 vi gc khng gian l d , khong cch l r
CC I LNG V N V C BN 8-2 TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F): 2. Cng sng (I): 3. ri (E): ri l mt quang thng m mt chiu sng nhn c t ngun sng.
E = dF dS
ds l din tch ca mt chiu sng. n v ri l Lx. (Lx l quang thng 1 Lm m 1 m2 mt chiu sng nhn c). Nu quang thng phn b u th: E = F
(Lx)
8-2 CC I LNG V N V C BN TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F): 2. Cng sng (I): 3. ri (E): 4. chi (L): Mt b mt c chiu sng s phn x li mt phn quang thng theo mi hng. I
L =
cos .ds
n v ca chi: Cd/m2. Trong : ds - I l cng sng theo hng . - ds l din tch mt bao nhn t hng . Hnh 8-3: S biu din gc nhn ca
chi
8-2 CC I LNG V N V C BN TRONG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. Quang thng (F): 2. Cng sng (I): 3. ri (E): 4. chi (L): 5. trng B trng l quang thng bc x trn mt n v din tch ca ngun.
dF B= dS
1Lm Lx = 1m 2
ds l din tch ca ngun sng.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 1. Bng n dy tc(si t). a) Cu to:
Dy tc vonfram thng
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 1. Bng n dy tc(si t). a. Cu to: b. Nguyn l: c. Cc thng s ca bng n si t: d. u nhc im: - To ra nh sng gn ging vi quang ph ca nh sng t nhin, sng tng i bng phng t nhp nhy theo tn s ca ngun. - Hiu sut pht quang thp v 40% nng lng in chuyn thnh nhit nng, d chy, hng khi in p lm vic tng qu 5% so vi in p nh mc. - Khi in p tng, tui th ca bng n gim rt nhanh, quang thng ca bng n suy gim trong qu trnh s dng.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 2. n hunh quang. a. Cu to.
3
C2
A C1 2 U~
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 2. n hunh quang. a. Cu to.
Bt pht quang si t
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 2. n hunh quang. a. Cu to.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 2. n hunh quang. a. Cu to. b) Nguyn l lm vic. 3
C2
A C1 2 U~
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 2. n hunh quang. c. u nhc, im. - Hiu sut pht quang ln, khong (40 105) Lm W - Pht sng khng km theo nhit . - C th ci thin c mu sc ca nh sng nn ch to c nhiu loi n mu khc nhau trang tr. - Tui th ca bng n cao khong (2000 7000) h. - Cos thp, s u dy v ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao. - Quang thng dao ng theo tn s gy cm gic kh chu, mi mt. - Khi in p gim nh th kh khi ng, nu in p gim qu 30% th khng khi ng c. - Khi ng in khng sng ngay trong ln mi n u tin, khi in p dao ng th lc tt lc sng. - Khi nhit thp hn 500 C n rt kh khi ng.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 3. n thu ngn, cao p. a. Cu to.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 3. n thu ngn, cao p. 1- Bng ngoi: trong c np kh tr (nit, agn), thnh a. Cu to. 1 2 bng c qut bt hunh 3 quang. 4 5 2- Bng thch anh: nm bn 6 trong bng thu tinh, trong bng cng c np kh tr (nit, agn), v cn c mt l ng nh thu ngn. 78 9 10 3- Cc chnh 1. 4- Cc chnh 2. 5- Cc ph. S cu to bng n 6- in tr (15 100)k . thu ngn cao p chn l 7- Chn lu. u ngoi. 8- Cu ch. 9- T b cos .
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 3. n thu ngn, cao p. a. Cu to. 1- Bng ngoi: trong c np kh 1 tr (nit, agn), thnh bng c 2 3 4 qut bt hunh quang. 2- Bng thch anh: nm bn 5 trong bng thu tinh, trong 6 bng cng c np kh tr (nit, agn), v cn c mt lng 7 nh thu ngn. 3- Cc chnh 1. 4- Dy tc t chn lu. 5- Cc chnh 2. 6- Cc ph. S cu to bng n thu ngn cao p 7- in tr (15 100)k . t chn lu.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 3. n thu ngn, cao p. a. Cu to. b. Nguyn l lm vic. c. u nhc, im. - C hiu sut pht quang ln (40 50) Lm
- Tui th cao (v khng c dy tc) khong 40000C. - nh sng ca n c xuyn thu qua sng m v bi khi cao - nh sng khng thch hp vi nhng cng vic cn chnh xc cao, d gy o gic nh vn phng, gia cng chi tit quay... - Thi gian khi ng ln khong (3 7) pht. - Thi gian khi ng li rt lu (10 15) pht. - Khi in p gim qu mc khong 20% th khng khi ng c.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 5. n Halogen. a. Cu to.
1
S cu to ca n Halogen - ng thu tinh thch anh 1 c nhit nng chy cao khong 40000C, c ht chn khng v np vo kh halogen s dng tnh cht hon nguyn kim loi ca halogen. - Kh halogen 2 l cc mui it. - Si t 3 c cu to tng t nh si t ca n nung sng.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG I. Mt s thit b chiu sng 5. n Halogen. a. Cu to. b. u nhc im: - C hiu sut pht quang ln. - C nh sng kh gn vi nh sng t nhin. - C th ch to vi cng sut ln tit kim in nng.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n Chao n l b phn bao bc ngoi bng n. N c tc dng sau: - Phn phi quang thng theo yu cu s dng. - Bo v mt khi b lo do sng ca ngun. - Bo v bng n khi cc tc dng c hc, ho hc, bi bm, phng n v nc. - Trang tr p.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n 2. Ch tiu ch yu ca chao n: a. Hiu sut. Hiu sut ca chao n l t s gia quang thng ca n c chao v quang thng ca bn thn n. V chao n hp th mt s quang thng ca ngun sng nn hiu sut ca chao n ch vo khong (0,5 0,9) tu theo loi chao n.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n 2. Ch tiu ch yu ca chao n: a. Hiu sut. b. Gc bo v.
R r
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n 2. Ch tiu ch yu ca chao n: a. Hiu sut. b. Gc bo v. L gc trn (hnh 10-11). Gc bo v cng ln cng hn ch c s chi mt do nhn trc tip vo ngun sng v ngc li.
tg =
h r+R
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n 2. Ch tiu ch yu ca chao n: a. Hiu sut. b. Gc bo v. c. Cc loi chao n * Theo cch phn b quang thng ca ngun sng - Chao n chiu trc tip: l chao tp chung hn 90% quang thng ca n xung pha di. - Chao n phn x: tp chung hn 90% quang thng ca n ln pha trn ri phn x xung. - Chao n khuch tn: to ra nh sng khuch tn ch khng chiu sng trc tip.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG II. Chao n. 1. Tc dng ca chao n 2. Ch tiu ch yu ca chao n: a. Hiu sut. b. Gc bo v. c. Cc loi chao n * Theo cch phn b quang thng ca ngun sng * Theo cu to chia ra: - Kiu h: Ngun sng thng vi bn ngoi. - Kiu kn: Ngun sng c cch ly vi bn ngoi. - Kiu phng n: Dng ni d n.
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG III. Cch b tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng 1. B tr theo hnh vung
a)
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG III. Cch b tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng 1. B tr theo hnh thoi Lb
La
8-3 NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG IV. La chn cc thit b v dy dn Xem li phn tnh chn cc thit b in
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG I. Cc yu cu i vi thit k chiu sng. 1. Bo m ri v n nh. 2. Quang thng phn b u trn ton b mt cng tc. 3. Khng c nh sng chi trong vng nhn ca mt. 4. Phi to ra nh sng gn ging nh sng ban ngy.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG II. Nhng s liu ban u khi thit k. 1. Mt bng ca x nghip, phn xng, v tr t cc my trn mt bng phn xng. 2. Mt bng v mt ct nh xng xc nh v tr chao n. 3. Nhng c im ca qu trnh cng ngh 4. S liu v ngun in vt t.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 1: Chn ngun sng. Phi cn c vo yu cu chiu sng, u nhc im ca tng loi ngun sng. Ring i vi n hunh quang nn s dng trong nhng loi cng tc sau y: - Cc ni lm vic cn tp chung th gic cao v lin tc hoc l ni cn to ra iu kin nhn d chu cho nhiu ngi nh phng kim tra cht lng sn phm, phng hc, phng thit k ...
- Cc ni cn phn bit mu sc nh xng in mu, xng dt, xng may. - Cc ni khng c nh sng t nhin, ni cn tp chung ng ngi v lu nh phng i nh ga, phng hp ... - Nhng ni cn trang tr p nh vin bo tng, trin lm.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 2- Chn h thng chiu sng. + H thng chiu sng hn hp : + H thng chiu sng chung : + H thng chiu sng chung phn b chn lc.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 3. chn ri v h s d tr
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 4. Chn n in. n in c chn theo ba iu kin. - c tnh mi trng - c tnh phn b quang thng v c tnh quang hc khng gian ca mi trng, yu cu i vi chiu sng. - Ch tiu kinh t.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 5. Phn b v tr n. - B tr hnh vung. hc - B tr hnh thoi. H hlv
S tnh ton chiu sng * Ch : L L = (1,4 1,6) khng nn vt qu (5 6) tr s tt nht l hc hc Nu L > Ls c ri khng u trn trn nh vy khng s dng ht
hc H
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6. cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 1. Phng php h s s dng (phng php quang thng). Tnh quang thng cn thit ca mi n.
F= E min .Z.S k sd .n
hay
k dt .E min .Z.S F= k sd .n
E tb E min
+ Z l t l ri bnh qun so vi ri ti thiu. Thng chn Z = Z = (1,1 1,2). Phng din tch nh hn 10 m2 th ly Z = 1 + Emin l ri ti thiu (Lx) ng vi tng loi cng vic (tra bng). + Fc l quang thng m mt cng tc nhn c Fc = ksd .n.F (Lm) .
THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG 8-4 III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6. cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 1. Phng php h s s dng (phng php quang thng). + ksd c tra bng theo loi n, h s phn x ca tng v trn nh, ch s phng . Ksd = f(, tg , tr ) + Ch s phng: =
a.b H.(a + b)
+ a, b l chiu di v chiu rng ca phng (m). + H l khong cch t n ti mt cng tc. Cn c vo quang thng va tnh c tra bng ta xc nh c cng sut ca mi n. Khi chn cng sut tiu chun ngi ta cho php quang thng chnh lch t (- 10%) n (+20%) so vi tnh ton.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6. cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 1. Phng php h s s dng (phng php quang thng). V d: Mt phng c a = 30 m, b = 20 m, cao 4, 5 m. in p mng in cung cp cho phng l 220 V. Hy xc nh cng sut mi n, s lng n chiu sng cho phng vi yu cu ri ti thiu l 30 Lx. chiu sng ngi ta s dng n vn nng Ym (n c chp bng thu tinh, chao bng st). Bit kdt = 1,2; hc = 0,7 m; hlv = 0,8 m.
L=5m
H=3
lb=1,5m
L=5m L=5m
la=3m
la=3m
hlv = 0,8 a)
b)
lb=1,5m
Bi gii: Tra bng 10-1 vi cch b tr nhiu dy v n vn nng Ym ta c L /H = 1,8. Tnh H = h - hcv - hc = 4,5 - 0,8 - 0,7 = 3 m Vy L = 1,8. 3 = 5,4 m. ta chn L = 5 m. s b tr n nh hnh v (b). Ly h s phn x ca tng v trn: tg = 50% tr = 30% a.b 28.16 = = 3,5 Ch s phng: = H.(a + b) 3.(28 + 16) Tra bng h s Ksd = f(,tg ,tr ) ta c h s Ksd = 0,46 Chn Z = 1,2 v vi n = 18 n
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6. cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 2. Phng php tnh gn ng i vi n nung sng. a) Phng php th nht. Trong : - P0 l sut ph ti chiu sng trn mt n v din tch w /m2. - S l din tch cn chiu sng m2. Tra bng 10-10 ta c cng sut mi bng n t xc nh c s Pcs lng n: n= Pden
P = P0 .S ( w)
Cn c vo nhng iu kin ch yu ca cng trnh kin trc nh hng n vic lp t cc thit b chiu sng v yu cu chiu sng ta b tr n cho thch hp.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6: cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 2. Phng php tnh gn ng i vi n nung sng. b) Phng php th hai. Phng php ny thch hp tnh chiu sng cho cc phng nh hoc ch s phng nh hn 0,5. Yu cu tnh ton khng cn chnh xc lm. Phng php gn ng ny c hai cch tnh. * Phng php th nht. Phng php ny xc nh theo sut ph ti chiu sng trn mt n v din tch (W/m2) i vi tng yu cu chiu sng khc nhau. P0 l sut ph ti chiu sng trn mt n v din tch w /m2. S l din tch cn chiu sng m2.
P = P0 .S
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6: cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 2. Phng php tnh gn ng i vi n nung sng. b) Phng php th hai. * Phng php th nht. Pcs n= S lng n: Pden Cn c vo nhng iu kin ch yu ca cng trnh kin trc nh hng n vic lp t cc thit b chiu sng v yu cu chiu sng ta b tr n cho thch hp.
8-4 THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG III. Cc bc tin hnh thit k chiu sng. Bc 6: cc phng php tnh ton chiu sng. 2. Phng php tnh gn ng i vi n nung sng. b) Phng php th hai. * Phng php th hai.