Chng 4

Chun

4.1. nh ngha v phn loi chun. 4.1.1. nh ngha. Chun l tp hp ca nhng b mt, ng hoc im ca mt chi tit m cn c vo ngi ta xc nh v tr ca cc b mt, ng hoc im khc ca bn thn chi tit hoc chi tit khc. 4.1.2. Phn loi chun.
Chun

Chun thit k Chun thc Chun thc Chun Gia cng Chun tinh
Chun Tinh chnh

Chun cng ngh Chun Lp rp Chun Kim tra

Chun th

Chun Tinh ph

1. Chun thit k. Chun thit k l chun c dng trong qu trnh thit k. Chun thit k c th l chun thc hoc chun o. Chun gia cng l du 2. Chun cng ngh.
vch

Chun gia cng

- Chun gia cng: Chun gia cng dng xc nh v tr ca nhng b mt, ng hoc im ca chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng c. Chun gia cng bao gi cng l chun thc, v c chia thnh : + Chun th: l nhng b mt dng lm chun cha c gia cng.

* Nu cn dng chun ny vo vic lp rp th gi l chun tinh chnh. * Nu khng dng chun ny vo vic lp rp th gi l chun tinh Chun lp rp: L chun xc nh v tr tng quan ca cc ph.

chi tit khc nhau ca mt b phn my trong qu trnh lp rp. Chun lp rp c th trng hoc khng trng vi mt t lp rp

Chun lp rp

- Chun kim tra (cn gi l chun o lng): L chun m cn c vo tin hnh o hay kim tra kch thc v v tr gia cc yu t hnh hc ca chi tit my.

Trong thc t th c khi chun thit k, chun gia cng, chun lp rp v chun kim tra trng nhau hoc khc nhau.

Chi tit c cc loi chun trung nhau v khng trng nhau

a) Trng nhau b) Khng trng nhau

4.2. Qu trnh g t chi tit gia cng 4.2.1. Khi nim v qu trnh g t Chi tit trc khi gia cng phi c g t ln my hay g. G t chi tit bao gm hai qu trnh : a) Qu trnh nh v: l s xc nh v tr tng i chnh xc ca chi tit so vi dng c ct trc khi gia cng. b) Qu trnh kp cht: l qu trnh c nh v tr ca chi tit sau khi nh v chng li ngoi lc trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit lm cho chi tit khng ri khi v tr c nh v trc .

nh v chi tit phay

G t chi tit trn mm cp 3 chu

Ch : Trong g t, qu trnh nh v bao gi cng c thc hin trc qu trnh kp cht. Khng bao gi hai qu trnh xy ra ng thi hoc ngc li. G t hp l hay khng l mt trong nhng vn c bn ca vic thit k qui trnh cng ngh. V khi khng ch c cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s khc th chnh xc gia cng li ch yu do qu trnh g t quyt nh. Chn phng n g t hp l s nng cao chnh xc gia cng, gim thi gian ph, m bo cng vng, ci thin ch ct gim thi gian gia cng c bn.

4.2.2. Cc phng php g t chi tit khi gia cng 1. Phng php r g S dng phng php ny l ngi cng nhn dng cc thit b nh bn r, mi r, ng h o xc nh v tr ca chi tit so vi my hoc dng c. C th r trn my hoc r bng cch vch R g khi gia cng l lch du. tm R g thng s dng cho sn xut nh. b - c im ca phng php: (Xem chng 3) 2. Phng php t ng t kch thc Dng c ct c v tr tng quan c nh so vi vt gia cng nh cc c cu nh v ca g. Khi gia cng my v dao c iu chnh trc. - c im ca phng php: (Xem chGia cng t ng t kch thc ng 3)
D/2 a

K = const

4.3. Nguyn tc 6 im khi nh v chi tit.

Mt vt rn tuyt i trong khng gian -cc c 6 bc t do (3 chuyn ng tnh tin theo X, Y, Z v 3 chuyn ng quay quanh trc X, Y v Z. Trong cng ngh ch to my, hn ch 6 bc t do ca hnh hp ngi ta lm nh sau :
Z
6

Mt phng y khng ch 3 bc t do, trong :

- im 1 khng ch bc t do tnh tin theo phng oz. - im 2 khng ch bc t do quay quanh trc oy. - im 3 khng ch bc t do quay quanh trc ox.
4

Mt bn khi p vo mt YOZ s khng ch 2 bc t do:

- im 4 khng ch bc t do tnh tin theo phng ox. - im 5 khng ch bc t do quay quanh trc oz. Y

O
3

X
2

Mt sau khi tip xc vi mt XOZ khng ch 1 Lu : bc t do:

Nguyn tc 6 im khi nh v chi tit

- Bt kkhng ch bc t do tnh tin theo phngch 3 bc t do. Nhng khi - im 6 mt phng no cng c th hn mt mt hn ch 3 bc th mt th hai ch hn ch 2 bc. oy. - Trong qu trnh gia cng khng phi lc no cng yu cu nh v 6 bc t do, m tu theo yu cu gia cng, s bc t do c hn

Mt s v d v cc chi tit nh v:

- Mt phng khng ch 3 bc t do.

- Khi mt nh v l mt tr ngoi, ngi ta thng s dng khi V g t. Khi + Khi V di khng ch 4 bc t do. + Khi V ngn khng ch 2 bc t do.

nh v bng khi V di: L/D>1

nh v bng khi V ngn: L/D<1 Cc bc t do c hn ch: -Tnh tin theo phng oz. - Tnh tin theo phng oy.

Cc bc t do c hn ch: -Tnh tin theo phng oz. - Tnh tin theo phng oy. - Quay quanh trc oy. - Quay quanh trc oz.

- Khi mt nh v l mt tr trong, ngi ta thng s dng cht tr hay cht trm nh v. Khi : + Cht tr di khng ch 4 bc t do. + Cht tr ngn khng ch 2 bc t do. + Cht trm khng ch 1 bc t do.

nh v bng cht tr di
Cc bc t do c hn ch: Tnh tin theo phng oy. Tnh tin theo phng ox. Quay quanh trc oy. Quay quanh trc ox. Lu :

nh v bng cht tr ngn

Cc bc t do c hn ch: Tnh tin theo phng ox. Tnh tin theo phng oy.

nh v bng cht trm

Cc bc t do c hn ch: Kt hp vi cht tr chng xoay

Khi nh v cn ch n mi lp gia

- Khi mt nh v l cc l tm th nh v s l cc mi tm. + Mi tm c nh hn ch 3 bc t do + Mi tm di ng hn ch 2 bc t do + Hai mi tm (mt c nh v mt di ng) khng ch 5 bc t do.

Mi tm c nh
Cc bc t do b hn ch: Tnh tin theo phng ox. Tnh tin theo phng oy. Tnh tin theo phng oz.

Mi tm di ng
Cc bc t do b hn ch: Quay quanh trc ox. Quay quanh trc oy.

Nh vy, khi g t chi tit, tu theo yu cu g t khi gia cng m c th s dng kt hp gia cc phng php trn tin hnh g t chi tit sao cho m bo yu cu k thut gia cng ca chi tit.

V d: gia cng t kch thc H nh hnh v bng phng php phay, c th nh v 1 bc t do l .

Ch : Trong qu trnh nh v, mt bc t do ch c khng ch mt ln. Bc t do no c khng ch qu mt ln th c gi l siu nh v. y l trng hp cn trnh trong khi g t chi tit.

G t siu nh v

4.4. Cch tnh sai s g t. Sai s g t c xc nh theo cng thc Trong : c: Sai s chun K: Sai s kp cht 4.4.1. Sai s kp cht K

dg: Sai s g

Sai s kp cht l sai s do lc kp gy ra. N bng lng chuyn v ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng kch thc thc hin do lc kp thay i gy ra.

K = (ymax - ymin)cos

Trong : - ymax, ymin l lng chuyn v max, min ca gc khc thc khi lc kp thay i. - l gc gia phng kch thc thc hin v phng dch chuyn y. Cng thc tnh bin dng ti ch tip xc ca g v chi tit:

y = Cqn
Vi: - C l h s ph thuc vo vt liu v tnh trng tip xc. - q l p lc ring trn b mt tip xc (N/mm2).

W
HMa x HMin yMin yMax H

S tnh sai s kp cht do lc kp gy ra

4.4.2. Sai s g dg Sai s g sinh ra do ch to g khng chnh xc, do mn ca n v do g t g ln my khng chnh xc.

Trong :

: sai s do ch to g.

: sai s do mn ca g
: sai s do g t chi tit ln my. hn ch sai s ca g, ngi ta thng ly chnh xc ca n cao hn so vi chi tit gia cng trn g 1-2 cp.

4.4.3. Sai s chun C

Nh bit, chun thit k v chun cng ngh c th trng nhau hoc khng trng nhau. Nu trng nhau tc l th hin tt quan im cng ngh ca cng tc thit k. Nu khi ch to ta thc hin d dng cc kch thc cho khi thit k th v mt mt no , bn thit k c tnh cng ngh cao. V mt cng ngh m ni th cc kch thc ghi trong bn v ch to khng cn l kch thc tnh v v A hng d, xt kch thc 100+0.1 nh hnh bn. V na.
Do yu cu lm vic, ngi thit k cho kch thc 100mm vi dung sai cho php l 0.1mm. Cn trn quan im cng ngh th li ch n s hnh thnh kch thc trong qu trnh gia cng nh th no? Mt A hay mt B s c gia cng trc, s hnh thnh kch thc phi nh th no trnh bt ph phm.
100+0.1

Nu mt A c gia cng nguyn cng st trc, mt B ang c gia cng th kch thc 100mm c gc l A v hng v mt B ( ng xanh). Nh vy, kch thc cng ngh c hng r rt, hng i t gc kch thc ti mt gia cng.

Xt v mt cng ngh, iu qua trng l gc kch thc v chun nh v nguyn cng c trng nhau hay khng. Xt v d:
Trng hp a, khi gia cng mt N t kch thc A, gc kch thc v chun nh v u mt K nn trong qu trnh gia cng, kch thc A lun khng i, tc l sai s chun bng 0.. Trng hp b, gia cng mt N hnh thnh kch thc B. Khi chun nh v l K, gc kch thc l mt M nn khi gia cng, kch thc B s chu s nh hng bin ng gc kch thc (H). Khi kch thc B s c sai s chun. Nh vy, sai s chun l sai s do chn chun to nn. Sai s

chun xut hin khi chun nh v khng trng vi gc kch thc v c tr s bng lng bin thin ca gc kch thc chiu ln phng kch thc thc hin. Thc cht, kch thc cn t khi gia cng l khu khp kn ca chui kch thc cng ngh. Chui hnh thnh trong mt nguyn cng hay mt s nguyn cng.

Gi kch thc cn t c l L, th L ph thuc vo cc khu thnh phn trong chui kch thc ai, xi : L = (x1, x2,, xn ; a1, a2,, an). Trong : - xi l cc kch thc thay i c dung sai l xi - ai l cc kch thc khng i (thng l cc kch thc iu chnh). Khi tnh sai s chun cL cho mt kch thc L no ngha l tm s bin ng ca n khi nhng kch thc lin quan thay i. Gi lng bin ng ca L l L th L c xc nh bng tng cc lng bin ng ca kch thc lin quan:

Hay:

Cc phng php xc nh sai s chun:

a) Phng php cc i-cc tiu

Theo phng php ny, phi lp chui kch thc cng ngh cho kch thc cn tnh sai s chun L sao cho L l khu khp kn. Khi kch thc L ng vai tr l mt hm s m cc bin s l cc khu thnh phn ca chui kch thc cng ngh. Sai s chun c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Chui kch thc cng ngh c lp theo nguyn tc sau:

C a khu C b khu C a khu

C b khu

Mt gia cng Chun nh v Gc kch th- Mt gia cng Gc kch thc c

Chun nh v

b) Phng php xc sut thng k

Sai s chun c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong Ki l h s ph thuc vo quy lut phn b ca cc khu thnh phn trong chui kch thc cng ngh (cc xi), thng ly Ki = 1 1,5. Khi phn b theo ng cong phn b chun (Gauss) th K = 1. Nh vy, khi mun tnh sai s chun cho mt kch thc L no , trc tin phi xc nh c chui kch thc lin quan ca n, sau dng cng thc trn tnh.

V d v tnh sai s chun hnh tr c ng knh Vi chi tit

ngoi l Dd c g trn khi V di nh hnh v. S dng dao phay ngn gia cng t cc kch thc H1, H2 v H3. Hy tnh sai s chun ca H1, H2, H3.

Gii:
1. Tnh sai s chun cho kch thc H1

S g t khi gia cng chi tit

Khi gia cng H1, chun nh v l I, gc kch thc l A, do c sai s chun.

Lp chui kch thc:

a1-x1+x2-H1=0 H1=a1-x1+x2
Trong a1 l khu iu chnh (khu khng i), x1 v x2 l cc khu thay i x1=D/2 sin; x2=D/2

p dng cng thc:

Nhn xt: Sai s chun ca H1 bng 0 khi =900 (2=1800). Khi N s trng vi A, tc l gc kch thc trng vi chun nh v.

4.5 Nhng im cn tun th khi chn chun ca vic chn chun l m bo hai yu Mc ch
cu: - Cht lng ca chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng - Nng cao nng sut, 4.5.1 Chn chun thgim gi thnh Khi chn chun th cn phi: - Phn b lng d cho cc b mt gia cng. - m bo chnh xc cn thit v v tr tng quan gia cc b mt khng gia cng v nhng b mt sp gia B cng.
V d: Khi gia cng mt A v B ca chi tit hp bng phi c, phi chia ra hai trng hp: - Cha c l c sn: C th ly A lm chun th gia cng l, sau ly l gia cng li A. Ly A lm chun gia cng B - C l c sn: Phi ly l lm chun th gia cng A, sau ly A lm A n

Da vo cc yu cu trn, ngi ta a ra cc li khuyn sau: 1. Nu chi tit gia cng c mt b mt khng gia cng th nn chn mt lm chun th, v nh vy s lm cho s thay i v tr tng quan gia b mt gia cng v b mt khng gia cng l nh nht (Hnh a).

K hiu mt khng gia cng

Chun th l mt khng gia cng

Chun th l mt khng gia cng c v tr tng quan cao nht

2. Nu c mt s b mt khng gia cng, nn chn b mt khng gia cng no c yu cu chnh xc v v tr tng quan cao nht i vi cc b mt gia cng lm chun th. 3. Trong cc b mt phi gia cng, nn chn mt no lng d nh, u lm chun th.

4. C gng chn b mt lm chun th tng i bng phng, khng c ba via, u ngt, u rt hoc qu g g.
5. Mt lm chun th ch nn dng mt ln trong c qu trnh gia cng.

4.5.2. Chn chun tinh. Khi chn chun tinh nn quan tm n mt s li khuyn sau : 1. C gng chn chun tinh l chun tinh chnh, nh vy s lm cho chi tit gia cng c v tr tng t nh lc lm vic. 2. C gng chn chun nh v trng vi gc kch thc sai s chun bng khng. 3. Chn chun sao cho khi gia cng chi tit khng b bin dng v lc ct, lc kp. Mt lm chun phi din tch chi tit vng vng. 4. Chn chun sao cho kt cu ca g n gin, s dng thun tin. 5. C gng chn chun thng nht, dng trong nhiu nguyn cng ca quy trnh cng ngh. V nu thay i chun s sinh ra sai s tch lu cc ln g sau.