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1. Chn phi v cc phng php gia cng chun b phi 1.1 Chn phi
Mun ch to c mt chi tit my t yu cu k thut v cc ch tiu kinh t th ngi cng ngh phi xc nh c kch thc phi v chn c loi phi thch hp. Kch thc ca phi c tnh theo lng d, cn chn loi phi phi cn c vo: *
Phi nm vng cc yu cu thit k, Vt liu v c tnh vt liu kin thc v c Kch thc, hnh dng v kt cu ca chi tit tnh cc loi vt liu S lng chi tit cn gia cng hoc dng sn xut v cc loi phi, nm vng phm vi C s vt cht c th ca ni sn xut cng dng ca tng loi phi.
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K=Gct/Gph
Trong : - Gct: Khi lng chi tit
- Phi hn
- Phi cn * Vt liu ch to phi: Kim loi (en, mu), phi kim v.v
Cc loi phi c hoc rn, dp trc khi gia cng phi c lm sch nhm t cc mc ch sau: - Loi tr cc lp ct chy, vy kim loi chy bm trn b mt phi. - Loi tr ba via, cc lp kim loi hng trn b mt phi. To iu kin gia cng ct gt d dng Cc phng php thc hin: - Sn xut nh, n chic: Hnh thc t chc chun b phi khng rch ri m c th thc hin cc phn xng khc nhau. S dng cc bin php th cng, s dng cc dng c n gin nh bn chi st, da v.v. i khi dng c mi, ngn la hn lm sch. Vi cc phi rn c th c lm sch bng dung dch Axit.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta kt hp c gia cng chun b phi, gia cng th v tinh trn cng mt my. Tuy nhin, khng nn s dng my gia cng tinh gia cng chun b phi Trong sn xut ln: C b phn lm sch phi ring xng ch to phi vi cc thit b chuyn dng. Dng cc thit b chuyn dng nh dng kh nn, dng nc hoc ct c p lc nht nh lm sch phi. b) Nn thng phi i vi cc phi di tit kim vt liu, m bo chnh xc gia cng, phi khng nhng c nn thng trc khi gia cng m cn nn thng gia quy trnh cng ngh sau nguyn cng nhit luyn, trc khi mi. C th nn thng theo cc phng php sau : - Bng ba tay, ngm bng mt thng. y l phng php th cng, nng sut thp, chnh xc ph thuc vo tay ngh ca th. - Nn p. L phng php dng lc p ca c cu thu lc hoc kh nn nn thng, kim tra bng ng h so. C th nn p trn khi V hoc trn 2 mi tm, vi chi tit nn khng ln lm.
- Nn trn my chuyn dng. Phng php ny c th nn c phi c ng knh ln n 150 mm vi chnh xc cao (0,5 0,9 mm/m). - Nn thng trn my cn ren phng. S dng my cn ren bng cch thay bn ren bng bn phng. Phng php ny t c chnh xc v nng sut cao. Gia cng ph. c) - Mc ch ca gia cng ph: * Bc i lp kim loi qu xu b mt phi nh r, dnh ct, bin cng v.v. * Gim khi lng vn chuyn nu phi vn chuyn phi i xa - Phng php thc hin: S dng cc my c cng sut ln, cng vng cao nhng chnh xc khng cn cao gia cng ph. Ch : Khng nn s dng cng mt my vi gia cng bn tinh v gia cng tinh. d) Ct t phi. Ct t phi l nguyn cng ct phi thnh tng on theo yu cu hoc ct cc phn tha (u rt, u ngt v.v) trn phi. C nhiu phng php ct phi, s dng phng php no tu thuc vo : - chnh xc chiu di, phng v vung gc ca mt ct so vi tm phi. - Chiu rng ming ct. - Nng sut ct. - C s vt cht k thut ca n v sn xut.
1. Ct phi bng ca tay. + n gin, d thc hin, vt ct hp. + Nng sut thp, chnh xc khng cao. 2. Ct trn my ca cn. + n gin, d thc hin ph hp vi cc c s sn xut nh. + Vt ct tng i hp (1 2,5 mm). + Nng sut cao hn ca tay, nhng thp hn cc phng php khc. 3. Ct trn my ca a. + t nng sut cao, nhng vt ct rng (3 15 mm). + C th ct vi lng chy dao c nh hoc lng chy dao thay i. 4. Ct t bng ca ai. + Nng sut cao hn ca cn, thp hn ca a. + Vt ct hp (1 1,5 mm), cht lng mt ct tt. + Ph hp cho vic ct u ngt, u rt trong sn xut ln. 5. Ct t bng bnh mi. + t chnh xc cao, cht lng tt, vt ct hp (1 3 mm). + Ph hp ct cc chi tit cng. 6. Ct bng bnh ma st. + Dng mt a quay tip xc vi phi sinh ra nhit lm nng chy kim loi phi to thnh vt ct hp (1,5 3 mm). a ct c lm ngui bng nc. C th dng li ca mm hn vt liu gia cng. + Nng sut cao, gi thnh h, nhng khng chnh xc v n.
7. Ct t trn my tin. + Ct t trn my tin c th thc hin chung trn mt ln g vi gia cng mt u, mt ngoi v l tm v.v. Do m bo chnh xc v v tng quan gia l tm, mt ngoi, mt u. + Thc hin thun li, chnh xc cao, c th ct cc vt c ng knh ln (n 3200 mm). + Nng sut thp, vt ct rng (3 7 mm) phi khc phc vt gy v tng cng vng cho dao.
S tin ct t 8. Ct t trn my chuyn dng. + Nng sut rt cao, nhng ming ct khng chnh xc. + C th ct c phi thanh, phi tm. Ngoi cc phng php trn cn c mt s phng php khc nh: ct bng in cc, ct bng xy, bng in ho, bng tia nc c p sut cao
5. Gia cng l tm L tm l mt chun tinh ph thng nht c s dng nh v chi tit khi gia cng, kim tra, sa cha. C mt s dng l tm sau:
Cc loi l tm
G chi tit trn hai mi tm
Yu cu ca l tm: - Phi b mt tip xc, chiu su, gc cn phi chnh xc. - B mt tip xc phi nhn bng.
Mt s phng php gia cng l tm: Gia cng trn my vn nng thng thng thng (my tin, my khoan). Dng mi khoan tm gia cng l tm. i khi c th dng mi khoan nh khoan phn tr, sau dng mi khoan ln khot phn cn.
S khoan l tm trn my tin Vi cc chi tit ln c th dng phng php gia cng l tm theo du. Sau khi khoan xong th i u gia cng l tm u kia Cc sai s thng xy ra vi cc l tm: - Khng ng tm: Nguyn nhn l do tr u chi tit. - Sai s hnh dng: Do dng c ct khng chnh xc.
Trong sn xut ln c th s dng my chuyn dng hoc my lin hp va kho mt u va khoan l tm.
Bc 1: Kho mt u
Bc 2: Khoan tm
Ch : Trong qu trnh cng ngh, d l tm c ch to chnh xc n mc no th sau khi nhit luyn, trc vn b cong, do vy v tr ca hai l tm s c sai s. Do trc khi gia cng tinh (mi), nht thit phi sa li l tm m bo ng hnh dng v v tr yu cu: Mun sa li l tm sau khi nhit luyn phi dng phng php mi hoc nghin