Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

CE 319 F
Daene McKinney
Flow in
Pipes
Reynolds Experiment
Reynolds Number

Laminar flow: Fluid moves in smooth
streamlines
Turbulent flow: Violent mixing, fluid
velocity at a point varies randomly with time
Transition to turbulence in a 2 in. pipe is at
V=2 ft/s, so most pipe flows are turbulent

>

<
=
2
low f Turbulent 4000
flow Transition 4000 2000
flow Laminar 2000
Re
V h
V h
VD
f
f

Laminar Turbulent
Shear Stress in Pipes
Steady, uniform flow in a pipe: momentum
flux is zero and pressure distribution across
pipe is hydrostatic, equilibrium exists
between pressure, gravity and shear forces
D
L
h h h
ds
dh D
z
p
ds
d D
s D
ds
dz
s A sA
ds
dp
s D W A s
ds
dp
p pA F
f
s

t
t t
t t o
0
2 1
0
0
0
0
4
4
)] ( [
4
) ( 0
) ( sin ) ( 0
= =
=
+ =
A A A =
A A A + = =
Since h is constant across the cross-section of
the pipe (hydrostatic), and dh/ds>0, then the
shear stress will be zero at the center (r = 0)
and increase linearly to a maximum at the
wall.
Head loss is due to the shear stress.
Applicable to either laminar or turbulent flow
Now we need a relationship for the shear
stress in terms of the Re and pipe roughness
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
) (Re,
) (Re,
; Re;
, , : variables Repeating
) , (
) , , , , (
2
0
2
0
2
0
3 2 1
2 1 4
0
D
e
F V
D
e
F
V
V
D
e
D V
F
e D V F
t

t

t
t t t

t t t
t
=
=
= = =
=
=
t
0
V D e
ML
-1
T
-2
ML
-3
LT
-1
ML
-1
T
-1
L

L
) (Re, 8
2
) (Re, 8
2
) (Re,
4
4
2
2
2
0
D
e
F f
g
V
D
L
f h
D
e
F
g
V
D
L
D
e
F V
D
L
D
L
h
f
f
= =
(

=
=
=

Darcy-Weisbach Eq. Friction factor

Laminar Flow in Pipes
Laminar flow -- Newtons law of viscosity is valid:
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= + =
=
=
=
= =
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
4
4 4
2
2
2
r
r
ds
dh r
V
ds
dh r
C C
ds
dh r
V
dr
ds
dh r
dV
ds
dh r
dr
dV
dr
dV
dy
dV
ds
dh r
dy
dV

t
Velocity distribution in a pipe (laminar flow)
is parabolic with maximum at center.
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
max
1
r
r
V V
Discharge in Laminar Flow
ds
dh D
ds
dh r
Q
r r
ds
dh
rdr r r
ds
dh
VdA Q
r r
ds
dh
V
r
r

t
t

128
8
2
) (
4
) 2 ( ) (
4
) (
4
4
4
0
0
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
0
0
=
=

=
}
=
}
=
=
ds
dh D
V
A
Q
V

32
2
=
=
Head Loss in Laminar Flow
2
2 1
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
32
) (
32
32
32
32
D
V L
h
h h h
s s
D
V h h
ds
D
V dh
D
V
ds
dh
ds
dh D
V
f
f

=
+ =
=
=
=
=
Re
64
2
2 / ) (
Re
64
2 / ) )( ( 64
2 /
2 / 32
32
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
=
=
=
=
f
V
D
L
f h
V
D
L
V
D
L
D V
V
V
D
V L
D
V L
h
f
f

Nikuradses Experiments
In general, friction factor


Function of Re and roughness
Laminar region


Independent of roughness
Turbulent region
Smooth pipe curve
All curves coincide @
~Re=2300
Rough pipe zone
All rough pipe curves flatten
out and become independent
of Re
Re
64
= f
( )
Blausius
Re
4 / 1
k
f =
Rough
Smooth
Laminar Transition Turbulent
Blausius OK for smooth pipe
) (Re,
D
e
F f =
Re
64
= f
2
9 . 0
10
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
e
f
Moody Diagram
Pipe Entrance
Developing flow
Includes boundary layer and core,
viscous effects grow inward from the
wall
Fully developed flow
Shape of velocity profile is same at all
points along pipe

~
flow Turbulent 4.4Re
flow Laminar Re 06 . 0
1/6
D
L
e
e
L
Entrance length L
e
Fully developed
flow region

Region of linear
pressure drop

Entrance
pressure drop

Pressure
x
Entrance Loss in a Pipe
In addition to frictional losses, there are
minor losses due to
Entrances or exits
Expansions or contractions
Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
Valves
Losses generally determined by experiment
and then corellated with pipe flow
characteristics
Loss coefficients are generally given as the
ratio of head loss to velocity head




K loss coefficent
K ~ 0.1 for well-rounded inlet (high Re)
K ~ 1.0 abrupt pipe outlet
K ~ 0.5 abrupt pipe inlet
Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5
g
V
K h
g
V
h
K
L
L
2
or
2
2
2
= =
Elbow Loss in a Pipe
A piping system may have many minor losses
which are all correlated to V
2
/2g
Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes
of the same diameter



Where,
(

+ = + =
m
m
m
m f L
K
D
L
f
g
V
h h h
2
2
loss head Total =
L
h
loss head Frictional =
f
h
m h
m
fitting for loss head Minor =
m K
m
fitting for t coefficien loss head Minor =
EGL & HGL for Losses in a Pipe
Entrances, bends, and other flow transitions
cause the EGL to drop an amount equal to the
head loss produced by the transition.
EGL is steeper at entrance than it is
downstream of there where the slope is equal
the frictional head loss in the pipe.
The HGL also drops sharply downstream of
an entrance
Ex(10.2)
Given: Liquid in pipe has = 8 kN/m
3
. Acceleration = 0.
D = 1 cm, = 3x10
-3
N-m/s
2
.
Find: Is fluid stationary, moving up, or moving down?
What is the mean velocity?
Solution: Energy eq. from z = 0 to z = 10 m

s m V
* x *
) . *(
. V
L
D
h V
D
LV
h
m h
h
h
z
p
g
V
h z
p
g
V
-
L
L
L
L
L
L
/ 04 . 1
10 10 3 32
01 0 8000
25 1
32
32
upward) (moving 25 . 1
10
8
90
10
8000
000 , 110
8000
000 , 200
2 2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ + = + +

o
1
2
Ex (10.4)
Given: Oil (S = 0.97, m = 10
-2
lbf-s/ft
2
) in 2
in pipe, Q = 0.25 cfs.
Find: Pressure drop per 100 ft of horizontal
pipe.
Solution:
ft psi/100 7 91
12 2
46 11 100 2 10 32 32
(laminar) 360
10
) 12 / 2 ( * 46 . 11 * 94 / 1 * 97 . 0
Re
/ 46 . 11
4 / ) 12 / 2 (
25 . 0
2 2
2
2
.
) / (
. * * - *
D
LV
p
VD
s f t
A
Q
V
= = =
= = =
= = =

t
Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m
2
). Horizontal 5-
cm pipe. Q=2x10
-3
m
3
/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:
cf s
s f t V
V V
V V
g
V
D
L
V
g

g
V

D
LV
D
LV
h
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

L
L
3 2
5
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
10 * 23 . 1 4 / (0.25/12) * * 1.6 A * V Q
(laminar) 1293
10 * 4
) 12 / 25 . 0 ( * 6 . 1 * 94 . 1 * 8 . 0
Re
/ 60 . 1
0 1 . 16 45 . 8
0 5 . 0
) 32 / 1 ( * 4 . 62 * 8 . 0
10 * 10 * 4 * 32
2
2
0 5 . 0
32
2
0 0
2
32
5 . 0 0 0
32
2 2

= = =
= =
=
= +
= +
= +
+ + = + +
=
+ + = + +
t
Ex. (10.34)
2
/ 62 . 0 , / 300 , 12 m Ns m N = =
Given: Glycerin@ 20
o
C flows commercial steel
pipe.
Find: Ah
Solution:
m
D
LV
h h
VD VD
h z

p
z

p
h
z

p
h z

p
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

L
L
L
L
42 . 2
) 02 . 0 ( * 300 , 12
) 6 . 0 )( 1 )( 62 . 0 ( 32 32
(laminar) 5 . 23
10 * 1 . 5
02 . 0 * 6 . 0
Re
) (
2 2
2 2
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
= = = = A
= = = =
= + + = A
+ = +
+ + = + +

Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in the upper
reservoir to produce a water discharge of 10 cfs in
the system. What is the minimum pressure in the
pipeline and what is the pressure there?
Solution:
( ) f t z
s f t
A
Q
V
D
L
f K K K
g
V
D
L
f K K K h
z h z
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

E b e
E b e L
L
L
133
2 . 32 * 2
73 . 12
75 . 10 0 . 1 4 . 0 * 2 5 . 0 100
/ 73 . 12
1 * 4 /
10
75 . 10
1
430
* 025 . 0 ; 0 . 1 ; (assumed) 4 . 0 ; 5 . 0
2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
= + + + + =
= = =
= = = = =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
t
5
5
2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
10 * 9
10 * 14 . 1
1 * 73 . 12
Re
59 . 0 ) 53 . 1 ( * 4 . 62
35 . 1
2 . 32 * 2
73 . 12
1
300
025 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 0 . 1 7 . 110 133
2 2
2
* 1 0 0
2 2
= = =
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

v
VD
psig p
f t
g
V
D
L
f K K
g
V
z z

p
z

p
g
V
h z
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b
b e
b
b
b
b
b b
L
b
b b
b L
Ex. (10.68)
ft x k s ft x
s
4 2 5
10 5 . 1 ; / 10 22 . 1

= = v
f t D
D
g
D Q
D
g
V
D
L
f h
f
06 . 8
984 , 33
1
2
) ) 4 / /( ( 1000
* 015 . 0 1
2
5
2 2
2
=
=
=
=
t
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of water at
60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000 ft of pipe.
Assume pipe sizes are available in even sizes when
the diameters are expressed in inches (i.e., 10 in, 12
in, etc.).
Find: Diameter.
Solution:

Assume f = 0.015
Relative roughness:
00002 . 0
06 . 8
10 5 . 1
4
= =

x
D
k
s
Get better estimate of f
6
5
2
10 9 . 3
10 22 . 1 ) 06 . 8 )( 4 / (
300
Re
) 4 / (
) 4 / (
Re
x
x
D
Q
D
D
Q
VD
= =
= =
=

t
v t v
t
v
f=0.010
. 89 43 . 7
656 , 22
1
5
in f t D
D
= =
=
Use a 90 in pipe
Ex. (10.81)
m h
h
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

g
Q
h
f L
D
g
D Q
D
L
f
g
V
D
L
f h
f
f
L
f
f
45 . 14
10
9810
000 , 60
9810
000 , 300
2 2
8
2
) ) 4 / /( (
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
5 / 1
2
2
2 2 2
=
+ =
+ + = + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
t
t
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa gage.
What size pipe is needed to carry water from the
main at a rate of 0.025 m3/s to a factory that is 140 m
from the main? Assume galvanized-steel pipe is to
be used and that the pressure required at the factory
is 60 kPa gage at a point 10 m above the main
connection.
Find: Size of pipe.
Solution:
Assume f = 0.020
m
g
Q
h
f L
D
f
100 . 0
81 . 9
) 025 . 0 ( 140
45 . 14
02 . 0
8
8
5 / 1
2
2
5 / 1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
Relative roughness:
022 . 0
0015 . 0
100
15 . 0
=
= =
f
D
k
s
Friction factor:
m D 102 . 0
020 . 0
022 . 0
100 . 0
5 / 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Use 12 cm pipe
Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m long
and discharges water into the atmosphere. The
pipeline has an open globe valve and 4 threaded
elbows; h
1
=3 m and h
2
= 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the pressure at A,
the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
0 0
2
) 4 1 ( 12 0 0
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
+ + + + + + = + +
+ + = + +
g
V
D
L
f K K K
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b v e
L
D = 10-cm and assume f = 0.025
4
6
3 2
2
2
10 7
10 31 . 1
1 . 0 * 942 . 0
Re
/ 0074 . 0 ) 10 . 0 )( 4 / ( 942 . 0
/ 942 . 0
1 . 265
24
)
1 . 0
1000
025 . 0 9 . 0 * 4 10 5 . 0 1 ( 24
x
x
VD
s m VA Q
s m V
g
V
V g
= = =
= = =
=
=
+ + + + =

v
t
So f = 0.025
kPa p
m
g
p
g
V
D
L
f K

p
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

A
A
b
A
L A
A A
A
8 . 90 ) 26 . 9 ( * 9810
6 . 9 15
2
) 942 . 0 (
)
1 . 0
500
025 . 0 9 . 0 * 2 (
2
) 2 ( 15
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
= + =
+ = +
+ + = + +
Near cavitation pressure, not good!
Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is 2 cfs,
what horsepower is the pump supplying to the water?
The 4 bends have a radius of 12 in and the 6-in pipe
is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
10 17 . 4
10 22 . 1
) 2 / 1 ( * 18 . 10
Re
611 . 1
2
/ 18 . 10
) 2 / 1 )( 4 / (
2
) 4 5 . 0 1 (
2
60 0 30 0 0
2 2
x
x
VD
f t
g
V
s f t
A
Q
V
D
L
f K
g
V
h
h z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b p
L p
= = =
=
= = =
+ + + + + = + + +
+ + + = + + +

v
t
hp
h Q
p
f t
h
p
p
4 . 24
550
6 . 107
)
) 2 / 1 (
1700
0135 . 0 19 . 0 * 4 5 . 0 1 ( 611 . 1 30 60
= =
=
+ + + + =

So f = 0.0135