Prepaid By: Patel viral Zaveri priyank

The diagram is a graphic representation of the effects of temperature and composition upon the phase present in alloy. This diagram deals with the allotropic forms of iron, microstructure, and phase transformation during heating and cooling. The diagram is constructed by plotting temperature along y-axis and carbon percent along x-axis.

The alloys of iron are very important for engineering application.

Steel and cast iron are the important alloys of iron with carbon. The iron carbon system provides the most prominent example of heat treatment and property alteration based on polymorphic transformation. The iron carbon system provide exact amount of solid and liquid form.(Lever Rule)

Iron is allotropic metal, which means that it exists in more than one type of lattice structure.
1. 2.

Types BCC FCC

The body-centered cubic unit cell has atoms at each of the eight corners of a cube plus one atom in the center of the cube.

The bcc arrangement does not allow the atoms to pack together as closely as the FCC arrangements. The bcc structure is often the high temperature form of metals that are close-packed at lower temperatures.

The face center cubic structure has atoms located at each of the corners and the center of all the cubic faces. so the corner atoms are shared among eight unit cells. Additionally, each of its six face center atoms is shared with an adjacent atom. Since 12 of its atoms are shared, it is said to have a coordination number of 12.

The FCC structure the atoms can pack closer together than they can in the bcc structure. The atoms from one layer nest themselves in the empty space between the atoms of the adjacent layer. To picture packing arrangement

Solid solution Cooling curve Polymorphism Allotropy

A solid solution occurs when we alloy two metals and they are completely soluble in each other in solid state. If a solid solution alloy is viewed under a microscope only one type of crystal can be seen just like a pure metal. Solid solution alloys have similar properties to pure metals. Types of solid solution Substitutional Solid solution Interstitial solid solution

1. 2.

Substitutional

The name of this solid solution tells you exactly what happens as atoms of the solvent metal are replaced or substituted by atoms of the solute metal. In this case, the atoms of the two metals in the alloy, are of similar size.

Interstitial

In interstitial solid solutions the atoms of the parent or solvent metal are bigger than the atoms of the alloying or solute metal. In this case, the smaller atoms fit into interstices i.e spaces between the larger atoms.

Cooling curve

It is the method to determine the temperature at which phase change occur in an alloy system .it consist of following the temperature as a function of time . Types Cooling curve for pure metal Cooling curve of binary solid solution. Cooling curve of a binary eutectic systems. Use To study the changes that occur during the solidification of alloy.

Polymorphism Polymorphism is a physical phenomenon where a material may have more than one crystal structure. A material that shows polymorphism exists in more than one type of space lattice in the solid state.

Allotropy If the change in structure is reversible, then the polymorphic change is known as allotropy. The crystal structure depends on both the temperature and the external pressure.

Allotropy of Iron

In its normal room temperature state, iron is BCC in lattice arrangement, whereas at 908 C it changes o FCC and than at 1403 C back to BCC again. One another changes occurs at about 770 C (curie point) at which the room temperature magnetic properties of iron disappear and its become non-magnetic

Lever rule
The lever rule is a tool used to determine weight percentages of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram. It is used to determine the percent weight of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquids and solidus.

Alpha Ferrite : interstitial solid solution of C inalpha-Fe [BCC in crystal structure] Delta Ferrite : interstitial solid solution of C in delta Fe [BCC in crystal structure] Cementite(Fe3C):an intermetallic compound of C and Fe [Orthorhombic in crystal structure] Pearlite : mechanical mixture of alpha-Fe and Fe3C Austenite : interstitial solid solution of C in gamma-Fe [FCC in crystal structure] phases are formed under equilibrium condition

Ac0 (210C): the curie temperature of cementitie,above this temperature Fe3C, is non magnetic. Ac1 (723C) : eutectoid temperature , also called lower critical temperature

Ac2 (768C) : above this temperature alpha ferrite becomes non magnetic Ac3 / Acm : known as upper critical temperature,structure is completely austenite

In the alloy content 0.15% carbon the initial crystal structure of -solid solution and whole of liquid phase is completely transform to from austenite on cooling at 1492 C L + (austenite) structure: BCC FCC composition: 0.09 0 .53 0.15

Alloy with carbon contain 4.33% the liquid is transforming to austenite and cementite on cooling 1147 C L + fe3C structure : FCC orthorhombic composition: 4.3 2.11 6 .67 Ledeburite : eutectic mixture of austenite & Cementite

In iron carbon alloy with 0.8% c the austenite is transformed in to ferrite and cementite by eutectoid reaction on cooling 723 C + Fe3C Structure : FCC BCC Orthorhombic Composition :0.77 0.022 6.67 The eutectoid of ferrite and cementite is called as pearlite

Transformation in eutectoid steel

On cooling at eutectoid point all austenite will transform in to 100 % of perlite Microstructure at room temperature will alternate layer of ferrite and cementite called perlite Different structure are occur during transformation see in fig.

Microstructure of eutectoid steel

In the micrograph, the dark areas are Fe3C layers, the light phase is -ferrite Mechanically, pearlite has properties intermediate to soft, ductile ferrite and hard, brittle cementite.

Transformation in hypoeutectoid steel

There are solid state transformation in this steel They are transformation of iron to iron and decomposition of austenite Different structure are occur during transformation see in fig.

Microstructure of hypoeutectoid steel

Hypoeutectoid alloys contain proeutectoid ferrite (formed above the eutectoid temperature) plus the eutectoid perlite that contain eutectoid ferrite and cementite.

Transformation in hypereutectoid steel

There are solid state transformation in this steel. The structure of hypereutectoid steel at room temperature consist cementite and pearlite. Different structure are occur during transformation see in fig.

Microstructure of hypereutectoid steel

Hypereutectoid alloys contain proeutectoid cementite (formed above the eutectoid temperature) plus perlite that contain eutectoid ferrite and cementite.

Transformation in eutectic cast iron

Eutectic cast iron solidifies at 1147C. In the temperature range 1147C 723C the solid alloy consist of ledeburite eutectic (austenite and cementite). The final structure will be transformed ledeburite.

Transformation in hypoeutectic cast iron

case

a structure just below 1147C consist of pro eutectic austenite and ledeburite. on further cooling in the temperature range 1147C 723C excess carbon come out from the proeutectic austenite Therefore at the eutectoid temperature both eutectic and proeutectic austenite would contain 0.8% carbon and would decompose by eutectoid reaction to pearlite. So at room temperature consist of cementite, pearlite and ledeburite.

Transformation in hypereutectic cast iron

case a structure just below 1147C consist of proeutectic cementite and ledeburite. on further cooling in the temperature range 1147C 723C excess carbon come out from the eutectic austenite. Proeutectic cementite will remain such since it does not change during colling. At 723C austenite would contain 0.8% carbon and would decompose by eutectoid reaction to pearlite. Final structure will proeutectic cementite ,pearlite and cementite.

Transformation Diagrams for steels

The TTT diagrams are for the isothermal (constant T) transformations. At low temperatures, the transformation occurs sooner and grain is reduced. Slow diffusion at low temperatures leads to fine grained microstructure with thin-layered structure of pearlite (fine pearlite). At higher temperatures, high diffusion rates allow for larger grain growth and formation of thick layered structure of pearlite (coarse pearlite). At compositions other than eutectoid, a proeutectoid phase (ferrite or cementite) coexist with pearlite. Additional curves for proeutectoid transformation must be included on TTT diagrams.

Determination of T-T-T Diagram

Austenitization Quenched in molten salt bath (at constant temperature) Allow to transfer Cool to room temperature Conduct tests on other specimens (different temperature and time) Draw the C-curve

Cooling curve-a (slow cooling rate, coarse pearlite with low hardness) Cooling curve-b (Formation of medium pearlite) Cooling curve-c (slow oil quench, fine pearlite) Cooling curve-d (martensite and fine pearlite) Cooling curve-e (Martensite) Cooling curve-ef (bainite) Cooling curve-g (Critical cooling rate, martensite)

Advantages and Disadvantage

Advantages helps in determining Heat Treatment cycle gives idea about hardenability of steel helps in determining structure and properties during isothermal transformation Disadvantage do not predict the exact temperature of start or end of transformation during continuous cooling can not be used as MAPS giving the structure at different cooling rates

Solid state transformations that occur in steels are varied and interesting. These are similar to those occur in many other systems and helps explain the properties. Fe-C diagram is use for study the behaviour of heat treatment on steel & cast iron. It is use for study the behaviour of micro-structure of alloy element.