Introduction:

Fundamental Concepts
Br. Khaizuran Abdullah
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
ECE 2221 : Signals and Systems (Analysis) Sem. II (04/05)
Lecture Chapter 1 (Part 1)
1-2
Questions?
Whats signal?
Whats system?
1-3
Introduction:
Signals and Systems: What are they?

A time-varying physical phenomenon to convey
information/message
Signal:
a dogs barking, traffic lights, a cars signal, emergency
light, a red light on top of a building, a heartbeat of a
patient, a blood pressure of a patient
Examples:

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Introduction:
Signals and Systems: What are they?

System:

a combination of several components to
perform a desired task. It processes
input signal to produce output signal
a communication system, a human sense system,
a traffic controller. Refer to CommSys.doc
Examples:
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Classification of signals
CT or DT
Deterministic Random/stochastic
Periodic Aperiodic
Complex Transient
Almost
periodic
Sinusoid
Power, Energy
Even or Odd
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CT and DT Signals
Examples of CT and DT are shown in these figures
A signal x(t) is said to be a continuous-time signal if it is defined for all time t.
Example of a continuous signal? A sine wave signal
Example of a NOT continuous signal? A unit pulse signal
Is defined only at discrete instant of time
Is obtained by sampling the CT signal at a uniform rate
sampling means that acquiring the values of a signal at discrete points
in time and not between them.
Is a function of an argument that takes values from a discrete set
~x[n] where n e {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}
~We sometimes use index instead of time when discussing
discrete-time signals
~Values for x may be real or complex
Continuous-time signal:
Discrete-time signal:
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Deterministic and Random Signals
Deterministic signal:
Signal which can be completely modeled as function of
time.

Random signal:
Signal which is processed using probability theory.
Examples: x
1
(t) = sin(20t) for all t
x
2
(t) = cos(20t) for all t
Examples of deterministic and random signals
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Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Periodic signal has the property that x(t)=x(t+T) for all t.
The smallest value of T that satisfies the definition is called
the fundamental period.
Below is an example of a periodic signal with T = 0.2 s :

Periodic Signal?
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Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Aperiodic Signal?
Any signal x(t) for which no value of T satisfies the
condition of x(t) = x(t+T)
Below is an example of aperiodic signal:

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How to prove Periodic or Aperiodic
To prove periodic, we need to determine T first:
For a simple sinusoid signal such as x(t)=10 sin(12t), T

= 1/6 (rational
number)

Then use x(t + 1/6) = x(t) to confirm that its periodic:


( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) t x
and where t
t t
t
t t x
=
= = =
+ =
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+
0 2 sin 1 2 cos 12 sin 10
12 cos 2 sin 2 cos 12 sin 10
2 12 sin 10
6
1
12 sin 10
6
1
t t t
t t t t
t t
t
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How to prove Periodic or Aperiodic
For a sum or a product of 2 signals, such as the following examples, it is periodic
if the ratio of their respective periods can be expressed as a rational number.

Try these:
1. x(t)=10 sin(12t) + 4 cos (18t)
=> periodic, T
1
=1/6 (rational) T
2
=1/9 (rational) , T = 1/3
2. x(t)=10 sin(12t) + 4 cos (18t)
=> aperiodic, T
1
=1/6 (rational) T
2
= /9 (irrational), T = undetermined
3. x(t)=10 cos(t) + sin (4t)
=> periodic, T
1
= 2 (rational) T
2
= 1/2 (rational), T = 2

Then, for those which are periodic, use x(t + T) = x(t) to confirm that they are
periodic. (try confirming them !)
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Even and Odd Signals
Even Signal:
x(t) is an even signal if it is satisfies


For example,


( ) ( ) < < = t for t x t x
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t x t x Thus
t t t t x
t t x
=
= = =
=
,
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 cos
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Even and Odd Signals
Odd Signal:
x(t) is an odd signal if it is satisfies


For example,

( ) ( ) < < = t for t x t x
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t x t x Thus
t t t t x
t t x
=
= = =
=
,
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2 sin
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Energy and Power Signals
( ) dt t x E
}

=
2
( )
}

=
2
2
2 1
lim
T
T
T
ave
dt t x
T
P
( ) ( )
} }
= =
+
T
T t
t
ave
dt t x
T
dt t x
T
P
2 2 1 1
0
0
For periodic signal :
If x(t) is a CT signal, its signal energy is
However, this energy integral will not converge if it is infinite. An example of a
CT signal with infinite energy would be the sinusoidal signal
In this case, it is convenient to deal with the average signal power of the signal
instead of the signal energy. The average signal power of a CT signal is
( ) ( ) t A t x
0
cos e =
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Energy and Power Signals

Examples:
A) Find the total energy of the rectangular pulse shown in the figure below.
x(t)
t
T
A
B) Find the average power of the square wave shown in the figure below.


x(t)
0.2 0.4 -0.2 0
B
-B
Answer: A
2
T
Answer: B
2

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Thank You