Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of

complex systems, especially communication processes, control

mechanisms and feedback principles. Cybernetics is closely
related to control theory and systems theory. Contemporary
cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the
fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical
engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology and
neuroscience in the 1940s.

Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study

connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network
theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary

biology and neuroscience in the 1940s. Other fields of study

which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include
game theory, system theory (a mathematical counterpart to
cybernetics), psychology (especially neuropsychology, behavioral
psychology, cognitive psychology), philosophy, and
Advantage and factors involving risk on
the following topics

 Cybernetics was defined by Norbert Wiener, in his book of

that title, as the study of control and communication in the
animal and the machine. Stafford Beer called it the science
of effective organization and Gordon Pask extended it to
include information flows "in all media" from stars to brains.
It includes the study of feedback, black boxes and derived
concepts such as communication and control in living
organisms, machines and organizations including self-
organization. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical
or biological) processes information, reacts to information,
and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the
first two tasks . A more philosophical definition, suggested
in 1956 by Louis Couffignal, one of the pioneers of
cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as "the art of
ensuring the efficacy of action" . The most recent definition
has been proposed by Louis Kauffman, President of the
American Society for Cybernetics, "Cybernetics is the study
of systems and processes that interact with themselves and
produce themselves from themselves" .
 Concepts studied by cyberneticists (or, as some prefer,
cyberneticians) include, but are not limited to: learning,
cognition, adaption, social control, emergence,
communication, efficiency, efficacy and interconnectivity.
These concepts are studied by other subjects such as
 Other fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by
cybernetics include game theory; system theory (a mathematical
counterpart to cybernetics); psychology, especially neuropsychology,
behavioral psycholCybernetics was defined by Norbert Wiener, in his book
of that title, as the study of control and communication in the animal and
the machine. Stafford Beer called it the science of effective organization
and Gordon Pask extended it to include information flows "in all media"
from stars to brains. It includes the study of feedback, black boxes and
derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms,
machines and organizations including self-organization. Its focus is how
anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to
information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first
two tasks . A more philosophical definition, suggested in 1956 by Louis
Couffignal, one of the pioneers of cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as
"the art of ensuring the efficacy of action" . The most recent definition has
been proposed by Louis Kauffman, President of the American Society for
Cybernetics, "Cybernetics is the study of systems and processes that
interact with themselves and produce themselves from themselves".
 Concepts studied by cyberneticists (or, as some prefer, cyberneticians)
include, but are not limited to: learning, cognition, adaption, social control,
emergence, communication, efficiency, efficacy and interconnectivity.
These concepts are studied by other subjects such as engineering and
biology, but in cybernetics these are removed from the context of the
individual organism or device.
 Other fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by
cybernetics include game theory; system theory (a mathematical
counterpart to cybernetics); psychology, especially neuropsychology,
behavioral psychology,cognitive psychology; philosophy; anthropology and
even architecture.[ogy,cognitive psychology; philosophy; anthropology and
even architecture.[