MAGNETIC| INDUCTION

Magnetic induction
INTRODUCTION
During the 1830s, several pioneering

experiments with magnetically induced emf were carried out by Michael Faraday (in England) and Joseph Henry (in the US).

They discovered that changing magnetic field

induces current.

TERMINOLOGY
INDUCE to produce (an electric current, electric

charge, or magnetic change) without direct contact.

Magnetic Flux

Flux is the number of field lines passing through an area. If the surface is a plane with area A, and B is constant in magnitude and direction over the surface and makes an angle f

r F m = B ndA = Bn dA
S S

r r F m = B A = BA cos f

F m = NBA cos f

UNITS: 1Wb(Weber)=1Tm2

Gauss law for magnetism

r r F m = B A = BA cos f r F m,net = B ndA = Bn dA = 0

REMARKS

Electric monopoles exists, but magnetic monopoles do not. The fundamental unit of magnetism is the magnetic dipole. Magnetic field lines are always continuous, they never have end points.

Induced emf
INDUCTION EXPERIMENTS

If the magnetic flux through an area bounded by a circuit is changed by any means, an emf equal in magnitude to the rate of change of the flux is induced in the circuit. We usually detect the emf by observing a current in the circuit.

Faradays Experiments
A current appears only if there is relative motion between the loop and the magnet; the current disappears when the relative motion between them ceases. Faster motion produces a greater current. If moving the magnets north pole toward the loop causes, say, clockwise current, then moving the north pole away causes counterclockwise current. Moving the south pole toward or away from the loop also causes currents, but in the reversed directions.

Induced emf and Faradays law

The common element in all induction effect is changing magnetic flux through a circuit.

r r r r r r dF m = d B A = A dB + B dA

The magnetic flux can be changed in many ways: The current producing the magnetic field may be increased or decreased. The area of the circuit in a fixed magnetic field may be increased or decreased. Changing the orientation of the circuit with respect to the magnetic field. Magnets may be moved toward or away from the circuit

Induced emf and Faradays law

FARADAYS LAW OF INDUCTION The induced emf in a circuit equals the negative time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.

dF m =dt

dF m = -N dt

DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF Define a positive direction for the vector are A. The directions of A and the B determine the sign of the magnetic flux Fm and its rate of change d Fm/dt. Curl the fingers of your right hand around A with your right thumb in the direction of A. An emf or current in the circuit that has the same direction as your curled fingers is positive.

Electromagnetic induction
E does NOT depend on the resistance of the loop Iinduced depends on the resistance of the loop

Iinduced =

e
R

Electromagnetic induction
The () sign is related to the polarity of e related to right-hand rule and Lenzs law To know the polarity of e, it is important to know whether FB is increasing or decreasing

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (1804-1865)

Russian physicist
1833: formulated Lenzs law

Lenzs law

Lenzs Law is a convenient alternative method for determining the sign or direction of an induced current or emf or the direction of the associated non-electrostatic field.

Lenzs Law states that: The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the cause producing it.

The induced current tends to keep the original magnetic flux through the loop from

Lenzs lawa simple principle

If FB increases e must create an induced magnetic field to decrease FB !!! If FB decreases e must create an induced magnetic field to increase FB !!! Right-hand rule must be utilized.

Test run on Lenzs law

S S S S N N N N

N N

N N

S S

S S