Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Financial Statements
To help communicate financial data, the following accounts are prepared:
Trading Account Profit & Loss Account Balance Sheet These accounts provide information relating to an organisations activities during a trading period usually one year.
Trading Account
Trading Account
Compares the value of sales to the customer with the value of the sales at cost price. Difference between the Sales Value (turnover) and the Cost of Sales is the Gross Profit Items that might appear include:
Sales (turnover) Purchases Returns inwards / outwards Stock at start of trading period Stock at end of trading period
This account details any item that relates to the sales or the cost incurred when making those sales
Used by business as a statement for both internal and external reporting. This calculates the final profit (net profit) or loss that an organisation has made over a financial time period. The Profit & Loss Account is a continuation of the Trading Account it starts with the Gross Profit
Lists any items of additional revenue raised and any expenses incurred not directly linked to trading.
Wages Rent Insurance Advertising Depreciation Stationery Any other general expense
Where does a P&L account start? Profit & Loss Account (sole trader)
Profit & Loss Account Questions
Questions
Distinguish between the following financial terms
1.
2. 3.
4.
Opening stock and closing stock Gross profit and net profit Purchase returns and sales returns Purchases and sales
(4)
Solution
Balance Sheet
Balance Sheet
A balance sheet shows the financial worth and financial position of a business at a particular point in time (usually the last day of the financial year). It is out of date by the time it is published.
Balance Sheet
Shows 3 different things:
Fixed (buildings etc Listed in order of permanence) Current (can easily be turned into cash e.g. stock)
Current liabilities (creditors due within one year) Long term liabilities (creditors due over 1 year)
Balance Sheet
Accounting equation:
Balance Sheet
The Balance Sheet is presented in 2 parts: Top half assets and liabilities Bottom half capital The top half of the balance sheet must equal the total of the bottom half of the balance sheet. Balance Sheet - Sole Trader & Partnership Balance Sheet - Limited Company
Balance Sheet Terminology
Questions
Distinguish between the following financial terms
1. 2. 3.
Fixed Assets and Current Assets Long-term liability and Current Liability Capital and drawings
(3)
Solutions
Question
Describe the purpose of an organisation preparing a profit and loss account and a balance sheet.
(2 marks)
Describe the contents of the following financial statements (identify at least two items that would be shown in each):
(9 marks)
Solution Q1
An organisation would produce a profit and loss account because its shows the income and costs of the business over a financial period. This enables a business to work out if it has run at a profit or loss. They would prepare a balance sheet because it lists the assets and liabilities of the business, how it is financed and the value of the business at that particular time.
Solution Q2
A trading account shows the sales and cost of sales resulting in the calculation of the gross profit; purchases, opening and closing stocks, sales, sales returns. A profit and loss account shows the net profit or loss after all the expenses have been deducted from the gross profit, and any items of income added on to the gross profit; rent, wages, electricity, commission received. A balance sheet shows the value of an organisation as at a particular date; fixed assets e.g. equipment, vehicles; current assets e.g. stock, debtors, cash; current liabilities e.g. creditors; financed by e.g. capital.
All public and private companies are required to provide financial statements at end of each trading period. Inland Revenue use information to calculate the tax payable.
Not legally obliged to make final accounts public. May need to provide them when attempting to borrow from banks etc.
Question
Outline the main elements in the final accounts of a business and how each of these elements is calculated (6 marks)
Solution
The trading account shows the gross profit This is achieved by deducting the cost of goods sold from sales revenue The profit and loss account shows how much net profit the business has made This is achieved by deducting expenses from the gross profit The balance sheet shows the financial worth of the organisation. It is calculated by deducting the assets from the liabilities
Rival companies Investors Lenders Trade Union Representatives Interpreting the data and making comparisons with previous years or other organisations gives an indication of the future success and financial security of an organisation.
Was this years trading result good or bad, compared with last year or with a rival company? Has the Gross Profit improved this year, compared with last year? Are we making efficient use of our stock? Does our Net Profit figure compare favourably with those of other organisations in the same industry?
Do we have enough working capital to avoid cash flow problems? Are we making enough use of available trade credit? Is our level of debtors comparable with that of our industry competitors?
Interpretation