Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Water is a colourless, tasteless and odourless liquid. 2. Water exist as a solid (ice), a liquid (water) and a gas (steam)
ICE
melting
freezing
WATER
Boiling/evaporation
condensation
STEAM
Water boiling
Ice
Heat
-- - --
When the temperature reaches 00C, the water molecules arrange themselves very close together in an order. The water freezes
Time (min)
Glass tube
Distilled water
Gas
Time (min)
Date:
Experiment: 5.1
Aim: To determine the freezing and boiling points of water. (A) Freezing point of water Diagram: Figure 5.1
Procedure:
1. The apparatus were set up as shown in Figure 5.1. 2. The temperature were recorded every 2 minutes in the table, until the temperature becomes constant.
Conclusion: Pure water freezes at 00C but water containing dissolved substances freezes at less than 00C.
Discussion:
1. Why is common salt added to ice in the experiment to determine the freezing point of water? To lower the temperature of the ice.
2. What is the meaning of freezing point?.
The temperature when water changes from liquid into solid (ice).
3. Why was salt added into the ice in Activity A? To further reduce the temperature of the ice so that the distilled water is cold enough to change into ice.
Experiment: 5.1
Aim: To determine the freezing and boiling points of water.
Conclusion:
The temperature of water remains. when it boils. The boiling point of water is
Discussion: 1. What is the meaning of boiling point of water? The temperature when water changes from liquid into gas (steam).
2. What is the use of the glass tube in the experiment to determine the boiling point of water? To allow steam in the boiling tube to escape so that the pressure in the boiling tube does not increase. 3. What is the principle applied in a pressure cooker? The pressure cooker is based on the principle that the boiling point of water will be above 1000C if the pressure in the cooker is raised.
Experiment: 5.2 Aim: to observe the effects of impurities on the physical characteristics of water Diagram: Figure 5.5 & 5.2 Procedure: (A)Effect of salt on the melting point of ice. 1. A little distilled water was poured into a beaker of ice. A spatula of salt was added to the ice and well mixed. 2. The apparatus were set up as shown in Figure 5.5. 3. The melting point of the mixture was recorded.
(B) Effect of salt on the boiling point of water. 1. The set-up of apparatus as shown in Figure 5.2 on page 4 were prepared. 100 cm3 of salt water was used instead of distilled water this time. 2. The salt water was heated and the boiling point of water was recorded.
Activity A Melting point of ice -30C
Activity B
1020C
Conclusion:
Impurities in water can ________ the boiling point and ________ the freezing point of water.
Discussion: 1. What is the meaning of melting point of ice? The temperature at which ice melts. 2. What is the relationship between the freezing point of water and the melting point of ice? The melting point of ice and the freezing point of water are the same.
3. Predict the boiling point and freezing point of mineral water. Give a reason for your answer.
The boiling point of mineral water will be more than 1000C and the freezing point of mineral water will be lower than 00C. This is because mineral water contains dissolved minerals (impurities) which can alter the boiling and freezing points of water.
2. Each molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
3. The chemical name of water is hydrogen hydroxide. 4. When hydrogen is burnt in air, hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen + hydrogen hydroxide
Oxygen
(water)
8. Water can be split into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen, by the electrolysis of water.
9. Electrolysis of water is the process of splitting (decomposing) water into hydrogen and oxygen by using electrical energy. Hydrogen hydroxide (water)
electrolysis
hydrogen + oxygen
10. Electrolysis of water is used to obtain hydrogen and oxygen for commercial use.
oxygen
Carbon electrode (anode)
hydrogen
Carbon electrode (cathode)
Experiment: 5.2
Aim: To determine the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in a molecule of water.
Diagram:
Procedure: 1. The apparatus were set up as shown in Figure 5.2. 2. The switch was turned on. A lot of bubbles was released at each electrode.
3. The volumes of gases released every 5 minutes was recorded until one of the measuring cylinders was full.
4. When both the measuring cylinders were filled with gas, the gas in the measuring cylinders were tested with (a) a glowing splinter into measuring cylinder A (b) a lighted splinter into measuring cylinder B 5. A report was wrote on this activity.
Gas
Gas from the cathode
inference
The gas is hydrogen
Supports The gas is combustion (splint oxygen burns brighter) 2 volumes of hydrogen : 1 volume of oxygen
Conclusion: Water is a ________ that consists of ______and ________. One molecule of water is made up of _____ atoms of hydrogen and ___ atom of oxygen.
Discussions: 1. Explain the meaning of electrolysis of water? The break down of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas using electrical energy. 2. Why was dilute sulphuric acid added to the water?
Time (min)
6 5 5
8 3 3
10 12 2 2 0 0
14 0 -3
Discussion:
Conclusion:
Pure water boils at 1000C and freezes at 00C but water containing dissolved substances boils at more than 1000C and freezes at less than 00C. Additional questions
1. This is because dissolved substances affect the boiling point of water but not the temperature of steam. 2. To allow steam in the boiling tube to escape so that the pressure in the boiling tube does not increase.
3. The pressure cooker is based on the principle that the boiling point of water will be above 1000C if the pressure in the cooker is raised.