Nm hc: 2009-2010

Trng : THCS L Qi n
Ngi son: Phm Th Thu Hng

Cho mng cc thy c gio v d tit hc hm nay

Chuyn

Mt s phng php chng minh chia ht

nh l v php chia trong tp hp Z.

a)nh l: Cho 2 s nguyn a ,b, vi b khc 0, khi c 2 s
nguyn q v r duy nht sao cho:a = b.q + r vi| b|>r 0
a: L s b chia, q: L thng. r: l s d.
Khi a chia cho b th d c th l 0 ; 1 ; 2; ... | b| -1.
.c bit khi r = 0 th a = b.q, ta ni a chia ht cho b
hay b l c ca a. K hiu: a b

b) Tnh cht:
*Nu a b v b c
a c.
*Nu tch ab c v ( b,c)=1 a
* Nu a b, a c v (b,c)=1 a

c.
bc

B- Mt s dng ton.
1.Dng 1. S sng tnh cht:Trong n s nguyn lin tip c
mt v ch mt s chia ht cho n, n 1.
2. Dng 2. S dng cc hng ng thc ng nh.

3. Dng 3. S dng php cha c d.

4. Dng 4. S dng ng d.
5. Dng 5. Tm ch s tn cng ca mt s.
6. Dng 6. S dng nguyn tc iricl.
7. Dng 7. S dng nh l Fecma

8. Dng 8. S dng phng php qui np.

I.Dng 1. S sng tnh cht: Trong n s nguyn lin

tip c mt v ch mt s chia ht cho n, n 1.
gii: a)
Bi ton 1. Chng minh rng:
-Hai s chn lin tip c dng 2n v 2n+2 (vi n Z)
a) Tch hai s chn lin tip th chia ht cho 8.
nn
tch
ca
chng
l:
2n(
2n+2)=
4n(n+1).
b) Tch ba s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 6.
-M
n v
(n+1)
hai s lin
nguyn
c mt
c) Tch
nm
sl
nguyn
tip lin
chiatip
ht nn
cho 120.
s chia ht cho 2 n(n+1) 2 4.n(n+1) 8
-Vy tch ca hai s chn lin tip chia ht cho 8.

(pcm)
b) -Gi ba s nguyn lin tip l: (n-1), n,(n+1) (vi n Z)
ta c tch ca chng l: A= (n-1)n(n+1).
- Trong A c mt bi ca 2, mt bi ca 3, m (2,3)=1
nn:
A 2.3 hay A 6.
- Vy tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 6 (pcm)

T bi ton 1b) ta c bi ton cng ni dung sau:

Chng minh rng: n3-n chia ht cho 6.

Bi 1 c)
-Ta c: 120 = 3.5.8.
- Tch ca 5 s nguyn lin tip c dng:
A= (n-2) (n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) ( vi n l s nguyn).
-Trong 5 s nguyn lin tip c:
+ Mt bi ca 3 A
3 <1>
+Mt bi ca 5 A
5 <2>
-Ta cn chng minh A
8.

-Tht vy:

+) Nu n l s chn th n v (n+2) l 2 s chn lin tip.

+) Nu n l s l th (n+1) v (n-1) l 2 s chn lin tip.
Nn: trong A c t nht 2 tha s chn lin tip A 8 <3>
( theo bi ton 1a)
- Li c 3, 5 v 8 i mt nguyn t cng nhau nn :
T
<1>, <2> v <3 >suy ra: A 3.5.8 hay A 120
-Vy tch ca 5 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 120. (pm)

I.Dng I. S sng tnh chtTrong n s nguyn lin

tip c mt v ch mt s chia ht cho n, n 1.
-Ta
li:
chng
minh c :
Tr
( n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2)=
n5- 5n3+ 4n.
(n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2)
cho cng
120. ni dung
-Vy
ta c bi ton khchia
hn ht
nhng
-Hy
th
tm
hiu xem bi ton trn c th ra di hnh
vi
bi
1c).
thc khc nh th no?
Bi ton: Chng minh rng :
n5 - 5n3 + 4n chia ht cho 120.

- gii bi ton ny ta dng cc phng php

phn tch a tnc thnh nhn t , khi ta c bi
ton quen (Bi 1c).

I.Dng 1. S sng tnh cht: Trong n s nguyn lin

tip c mt v ch mt s chia ht cho n, n 1.
5-n thnh mt
Gii:
*
Cch
1.
Phn
tch
n
c mt
s hng
Bi ton 2. Chng minh rng: n5-ntng,
chiatrong
ht
cho
30 vi
n l l

tchnguyn.
ca 5 s nguyn lin tip, s hng kia c mt tha s bng 5 nh
s
sau: n5-n = n(n4-1)
= n(n2-1)(n2+1)
= n(n2-1)( n2-4+5)
= n(n2-1)(n2-2)+ 5n(n2-1)
=(n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2)+ 5(n-1)n(n+1) ( vi n l s nguyn)
-Ta thy: +) (n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) l tch ca 5 s nguyn lin tip nn chia
ht cho: 2.3.5=30 ( theo bi ton 1c).

+) (n-1)n (n+1) 6 ( Theo bi ton1 b) 5(n-1)n(n+1) 6.5.

Suy ra:(n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2)+ 5(n-1)n(n+1) 30
-Vy : n5-n chia ht cho 30 ( n l s nguyn) (pcm)

Bi 2.Chng minh rng:

n5-n chia ht cho 30 vi n l s nguyn.
Gii:* Cch 2. Xt hiu gia n5-n v tch ca 5 s nguyn lin
tip: (n5 n )- ( n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) = (n5- n) ( n5- 5n3+4n)
= 5n3- 5n
=5( n-1)n(n+1)
-Ta thy (n-1)n(n+1) l tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip,nn:
(n-1) n (n+1) 6 5 (n-1)n(n+1) 5.6
(n5-n) (n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) 30
-Li c : (n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2)
30 ( Theo bi 1c)
Suy ra : n5 -n chia ht cho 30 (pcm)
-T bi ton 2 em c nhn xt g v ch s tn cng ca hiu ( n5 n)?
-Tr li: Hiu c tn cng l 0.
-T hy nhn xt v ch s tn cng ca n5 v n ? V ta li c bi
ton di hnh thc khc nh th no?
Bi ton Chng minh rng:
n v n5 c ch s tn cng gingnhau ( vi n l s nguyn)

I.Dng 1. S sng tnh cht: Trong n s nguyn lin tip

c mt v

ch mt s chia ht cho n, n 1.

Bi ton 3. Cho P l s nguyn t ln hn 3, chng minh

rng: p2 -1 chia ht cho 24.

Gii: Ta c: p2 -1= (p-1)(p+1)

-Do P l s nguyn t ln hn 3 nn P l s l v P khng
chia ht cho 3.

-V P l s l nn (p-1) v (p+1) l hai s chn lin tip nn:

(p-1)(p+1) chia ht cho 8
<1> ( Theo bi ton 1a).
-Mt khc : (p-1)p(p+1) 3 ( Theo bi ton 1b)
m P khng chia ht cho 3
(p-1) 3 hoc ( P+1) 3 (p-1)(p+1) 3 <2>.
-Li c (3,8)=1, nn t <1> v <2> suy ra (p-1)(p+1) 3.8
- Vy (p-1)(p+1) chia ht cho 24 (pcm)

 Bi ton 4. Cho m, n l hai s chnh phng l lin tip. Chng minh

rng mn-m n +1 chia ht cho 192

Gii: -Hai s chnh phng l lin tip c dng:

m = (2k-1)2 v n=(2k+1)2 (vi k
-Do : mn-m-n+1 =(m-1)(n-1)

Z)

= ((2k-1)2-1)((2k+1)2-1)

=(4k2- 4k)(4k 2 + 4k)

=16(k-1)k.k(k+1)

-Ta c:(k-1)k(k+1)

<1> ( Theo bi ton 1b)

(k-1)k.k(k+1)

<2> ( Hai tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip)

-Li c (3,4)=1, nn t <1> v <2> suy ra: k2(k-1)(k+1)

16k2(k-1)(k+1)
Vy: mn-m-n+1

192 (pcm)

12

16.12

 Bi tp vn dng:
Bi1. Chng minh rng:
a) Tch ca 4 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 24.
b) Tch ca 6 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 720
c) Tch ca ba s chn lin tip chia ht cho 48
Bi 2. Cho a, bl hai s l khng chia ht cho 3. Chng minh rng:
a2-b2 chia ht cho 24
Bi 3. Chng minh rng :
a) n4+6n3+11n2+6n chia ht cho 24. ( Vi n l s nguyn)

b) n4-4n3-4n2+16n chia ht cho 384 (vi n l s chn, n>4)

Bi 4 Cho a, b l cc s nguyn khng chia ht cho 5.Chng minh rng :
a5-b5 chia ht cho 5
Bi 5. Chng minh rng tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip trong s gia
l lp phng ca mt s t nhin. th chia ht cho 504.

 Phn ny thc hin trong 60 pht. Cc

phn tip theo s c gi sau.