BUOYANT FORCES AND ARCHIMEDESS PRINCIPLE

The upward force exerted by water (Fluid) on any immersed object is called a buoyant force.

Archimedess principle, states that the magnitude of the buoyant force always equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

The buoyant force on a body in fluid has the magnitude : Fb=mfg Where mf is the mass of the fluid that is displaced by the body.

What is the upward buoyant force in the diagram below?

Floating
When a body floats in a fluid then:

Fb=Fg (floating)
Where:

Fg :the down ward gravitational force on the body Fb: buoyant force

Ideal Fluid in Motion 1- Nonviscous flow. In a nonviscous fluid, internal friction is neglected. 2. The flow is steady. In steady (laminar) flow, the velocity of the fluid at each point remains constant. 3. The fluid is incompressible. The density of an incompressible fluid is constant. 4. The flow is irrotational. In irrotational flow, the fluid has no angular momentum about any point.

Viscous force : Is the resistance that two adjacent layers of fluid have to moving relative to each other

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
Consider an ideal fluid flowing through a pipe of nonuniform size, because mass is conserved and because the flow is steady, the mass that crosses A1 in a time t must equal the mass that crosses A2 in the time t. That is, m1 = m2 or A1v1t = A2v2t ; this means that :

v= v = constant

(EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

It states that: The product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along the pipe is a constant for an incompressible fluid.

You may noticed that you can increase the speed of the water emerging from a garden hose by partially closing the hose opening with your thumb

Bernoulli's principle
Consider the flow of an ideal fluid through a nonuniform pipe in a time t. Thus, the work done on the system is P1V and the work done by the system is - P2V W1 = F1x1 = P1A1x1 = P1V And W2 = -F2 x2 = -P2A2x2 = -P2V now their sum W:
W=W1+W2=(P1- P2)V

If m is the mass that enters one end and leaves the other in a time t, then the change in the kinetic energy of this mass is:

The change in gravitational potential energy is: By applying the principle of conservation of energy to the fluid : W=T.M.E If we divide each term by V and recall ( ) Rearranging terms, we obtain:

This is Bernoullis equation as applied to an ideal fluid. It is often expressed as:

As the Speed of a fluid increases, the pressure of the fluid decreases.

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

The lift on an aircraft wing can be explained by the Bernoulli effect. Airplane wings are designed so that the air speed above the wing is greater than that below the wing. As a result, the air pressure above the wing is less than the pressure below, and a net upward force on the wing, called lift, results.

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION

A stream of air passing over one end of an open tube, the other end of which is immersed in a liquid, reduces the pressure above the tube. This reduction in pressure causes the liquid to rise into the air stream. The liquid is then dispersed into a fine spray of droplets. This so-called atomizer is used in perfume bottles and paint sprayers