WHY Cogeneration ?

The primary interest is to utilize a very large percentage of the fuels energy content, typically 85-95%. Increased efficiency of energy conversion and use

Lower emissions, especially CO2

Ability to use waste materials

Large cost savings Opportunity to decentralize the electricity generation

Promoting liberalization in energy markets

Cogeneration can genuinely be labelled a "Green" technology

Pollution
67% Total Waste
Line Losses 9%

Fuel

100%

Power Plant

33% delivered electricity

T&D and Transformers

Pollution

10% Waste Heat, no T&D loss Electricity Fuel

100%

CHP Plants

90%

Steam Chilled Water

(At or near thermal users)

Generation of multiple forms of energy in one system: heat and power

Cogeneration is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. Defined by its prime movers Reciprocating engines Combustion or gas turbines Micro turbines Fuel cells

Steam turbines

EXHAUST BYPASS SILENCER AIR INLET FILTER GENERATOR

EXHAUST SILENCER DIVERTER VALVE

HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG) GAS TURBINE SUPPLEMENTARY BURNER

PROCESS STEAM

Operate on thermodynamic Brayton cycle atmospheric air compressed, heated, expanded excess power used to produce power
Natural gas is most common fuel 1MW to 100 MW range Rapid developments in recent years Two types: open and closed cycle

Open Brayton cycle atmospheric air at increased pressure to combustor High pressure steam produced can drive steam turbine Exhaust gas at 450-600 oC

Working fluid circulates in a closed circuit and does not cause corrosion or erosion Any fuel, nuclear or solar energy can be used

Heat Source

Heat Exchanger

G Generator Compress or Turbine

Condensate from Process

Steam to Process

 Direct
Fluid

Heating

Heating / Hot Water Production Chilling Combustion Air

Steam

Absorption Preheated

Widely used in CHP applications

Oldest prime mover technology Capacities: 50 kW to hundreds of MWs Thermodynamic cycle is the Rankin cycle that uses a boiler

Most common types Back pressure steam turbine Extraction condensing steam turbine

Steam exits the turbine at a higher pressure that the atmospheric Advantages: Simple configuration Low capital cost Low need of cooling water High total efficiency Disadvantages: Larger steam turbine Electrical load and output can not be matched

HP Steam

Boiler

Turbine

Condensat e

Process

LP Stea m

Figure: Back pressure steam turbine

HP Steam

Steam obtained by extraction from an intermediate stage Remaining steam is exhausted

Boiler Fuel

Turbine

LP Steam
Condensate Process

Relatively high capital cost, lower total efficiency Control of electrical power independent of thermal load

Condenser

TOPPING BOTTOMING COMBINED-CYCLE

Steam obtained by extraction from an intermediate stage Remaining steam is exhausted

Relatively high capital cost, lower total efficiency

Control of electrical power independent of thermal load

Primary fuel produces high temperature thermal energy Rejected heat is used to generate power Suitable for manufacturing processes

 Combined-cycle

systems use a toppingcycle gas turbine The exhaust gases are then used in a bottoming-cycle steam turbine Approximately 40 - 50% additional power Increased Space Requirements Increased Capital Costs

High pressure HRSG, Steam Turbine

Load balance
Reasonably balanced relationship between peak and normal requirements for electric power and heat The peak/normal ratio should not exceed 2:1

Load coincidence

High coincidence, not less than 70%,of time and quantity demands for electrical power and heat

Size
There is no absolute minimum size of steam power plant which can be built for cogeneration It can be 100 of MWs

Distribution medium

Distribution medium should be the lowest possible steam pressure or lowest possible hot water temperature

Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Performance Heat recovery steam generator efficiency (%):
M s x (hs hw ) [ M f x Cp (tin tout )] [ M aux x GCV of Fuel (kCal / kg)] x 100

Ms = Steam Generated (kg/hr) hs = Enthalpy of Steam (kCal/kg)

hw = Enthalpy of Feed Water (kCal/kg)

Mf = Mass flow of Flue Gas (kg/hr) t-in = Inlet Temperature of Flue Gas (0C) t-out = Outlet Temperature of Flue Gas (0C) Maux = Auxiliary Fuel Consumption (kg/hr)

Pulp and Paper Pulp and Paper

EXHAUST BYPASS SILENCER AIR INLET FILTER GENERATOR

EXHAUST SILENCER DIVERTER VALVE

HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR (HRSG) GAS TURBINE SUPPLEMENTARY BURNER

PROCESS STEAM

 Kot

Addu Power Plant with Capacity of 1600MW. The Power Plant comprises of 10 multi fuel fired gas turbines and 5 steam turbines combined cycle technology Fauji Kabirwala Power plant is a 157MW Combined Cycle Power Plant Fauji Foundation Power Company (Daharki) Limited is installing 177 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

 Habibullah

Coastal Power Plant Capacity140 MW (Gross). Technology Combined Cycle. Plant Configuration3 Gas Turbines + 1 Steam Turbine. Company :Uch Power Limited, Capacity 586 MW (Gross), Technology Combined Cycle, Plant Configuration 3 Gas Turbines + 1 Steam Turbine.

 747

MW (Gross) Combined Cycle Thermal Power Plant Guddu. SAPPHIRE ELECTRIC COMPANY (Pvt.) Ltd MURIDKE 234 MW Combine Cycle POWER PLANT.