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Outline : A. B. C. D. Transportation and Urban Form Urban Land Use and Transportation Urban Mobility Urban Transport Problems
Infrastructures
Modes
Users
Transportation
Spatial imprint
Urban Form
Individual Transportation
Includes the car, walking, cycling and the motorcycle. People walk to satisfy their basic mobility.
Freight Transportation
Cities are dominant production and consumption centers. Activities are accompanied by large movements of freight. Delivery trucks converging to industries, warehouses and retail activities. Major terminals.
Manufacturing:
Traditional manufacturing depended on centralized workplaces and transportation. Technology has rendered modern industry more flexible.
A
Core activities
B
Peripheral activities Central area Central activities
C
Major transport axis
Decentralization of activities:
Commuter journeys have remained relatively similar in duration. Commuting tends to be longer and made by privately owned cars rather than by public transportation. Most transit and road systems were developed to facilitate suburb-to-city, rather than suburb-to-suburb, commuting. Suburban highways are often as congested as urban highways.
40 35 30
Minutes
A growing share of urban areas is allocated to circulation. Variations of the spatial imprint of urban transportation:
Between different cities. Between different parts of a city (central and peripheral areas).
Private car:
Requires space to move around (roads). Spends 98% of its existence stationary in a parking space. Consumes a significant amount of urban space. 10% of the arable land of the United States allocated for the car.
0 Sweden United Kingdom Germany France Japan Mexico Canada United States 0.0%
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
% of total land area used by the car Area per capita (sqr. meters)
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
Transit systems:
Many transit systems, such as buses and tramways, are sharing road areas, which often impairs their efficiency. Subways and rail have their own infrastructures and their own areas. Creation of road lanes reserved to buses.
Transport terminals:
Amount of space devoted to terminal facilities such as ports, airports, railyards and distribution centers. Globalization increased the amount of people and freight circulation and the amount of urban space required to support those activities. Many major terminals are located in the peripheral areas of cities, which are the only locations where sufficient amounts of land is available.
Road
Highway
Activity center
Transit line
II
III
IV
Public transit is having a residual function. Relationship between commercial / industrial / residential space and parking space. Secondary road converges at highways, along which small centers are located, notably nearby interchanges. Examples:
Cities where urban growth occurred in the second half of the twentieth century: Los Angeles, Phoenix, Denver and Dallas.
Ring roads:
Emergence a set of small centers in the periphery. Convergence of radial lines, some of them effectively competing with the downtown area for the location of economic activities.
Examples:
Older cities that emerged if the first half of the twentieth century: Melbourne, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago and Montreal.
High capacity and efficient public transit servicing most of the mobility needs. Convergence of radial roads and ring roads:
Location of secondary centers, where activities that could no longer able to afford a central location have located.
Examples:
Cities having important commercial and financial function. Growth in the late 18th century. Paris, New York, Shanghai, Toronto, Sydney and Hamburg.
Examples:
Cities having a long planning history aiming to provide mobility by public transit. Historical downtown area protected from heavy circulation. London, Singapore, Hong Kong, Vienna and Stockholm.
Accessibility
5
10
10 10
10
5
City Center
A to B = 30
Secondary Center
10
5 10 10 10 10
10 5 10
5 10
A to B = 20
Activity system:
Locations and spatial accumulation form land uses.
The behavioral patterns of individuals, institutions and firms will have an imprint on land use.
Infrastructures (supply)
Friction of Space
Transport System
Accessibility Traffic assignment models Transport capacity
Spatial Interactions
Spatial interaction models Distance decay parameters Modal split
Land Use
Economic base theory Location theory Traffic generation and attraction models
Hybrid paradigm
Try to integrate the strengths of each representation.
Bungalow Section
I - Loop (downtown)
II - Factory zone
III - Zone of transition
VI - Commuter zone
Nuclei
3 1 3 3
5 6
9
1 CBD 2 Wholesale and light manufacturing 3 Low-class residential 4 Middle-class residential 5 High-class residential
A- Retailing
City limits
Distance
C - Apartments
D - Single houses