Data Communications Systems Ch 5: Analog Transmission ye r 1

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JinKyu Lee, Ph.D. Jinkyu.lee@okstate.edu Include the course code (MSIS4523) in every email subject!!

A Categorization of Transmission Techniques

Data Transmission

Digital Transmission

Analog Transmission

Digital Source Conversion

Analog Source Conversion

Digital Source Conversion

5 . h C
QAM AM

Analog Source Conversion

Line Coding

Block Coding

ASK PCM DM

FSK

PSK

FM

PM

Topics
Analog-to-Analog Conversion Modulation (data signal vs. carrier signal) Modulation Schemes (AM, FM) Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Modulation Schemes (ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM) Using Telecom NWs for Digital Data

Analog Data to Analog Signal Conversion

Analog to Analog Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Basic Amplitude modulation

AM Radio Band Allocation

The bandwidth of a mono audio signal is usually The bandwidth of a mono audio signal is usually 5 KHz. An AM station needs a bandwidth of twice the 5 KHz. An AM station needs a bandwidth of twice the original signal (10 KHz).. The FCC specifies the bandwidth original signal (10 KHz) The FCC specifies the bandwidth of a station and a guard band to be 10 KHz. of a station and a guard band to be 10 KHz.

Basic Frequency Modulation

FM Radio Band Allocation

The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is usually The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is usually 15 KHz. A FM station needs a bandwidth of 10 times of 15 KHz. A FM station needs a bandwidth of 10 times of the original signal (150 KHz). The FCC specifies the the original signal (150 KHz). The FCC specifies the bandwidth to be 200 KHz (0.2 MHz) bandwidth to be 200 KHz (0.2 MHz)

Digital Data to Analog Signal Conversion

Digital to Analog Modulation Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

In radio transmission, known as amplitude

modulation (AM) The amplitude (or height) of the sine wave varies to transmit the ones and zeros Major disadvantage
Telephone lines are very susceptible to variations in

transmission quality that affect amplitude

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

One amplitude encodes a 0 while another amplitude encodes a 1 (a form of amplitude modulation)

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Some systems use multiple amplitudes

Bit Rate: 8

Baud Rate: 4

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

In radio transmission, known as frequency

modulation (FM) Frequency of the carrier wave varies in accordance with the signal to be sent Signal transmitted at constant amplitude More resistant to noise than ASK Less attractive because it requires more analog bandwidth than ASK

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

One frequency encodes a 0 while another frequency encodes a 1 (a form of frequency modulation)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Also known as phase modulation (PM) Frequency and amplitude of the carrier signal

are kept constant The carrier signal is shifted in phase according to the input data stream Each phase can have a constant value, or value can be based on whether or not phase changes (differential keying)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

One phase change encodes a 0 while another phase change encodes a 1 (a form of phase modulation)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Four different phase angles are used 1 baud = 2bps

90

180 270 360

The 4-PSK method

The 8-PSK Characteristics

Complex Modulations
In practice, the maximum number of bits that can be sent

with any one modulation technique is about five bits

The solution is to combine modulation techniques

Combining modulation techniques allows us to transmit

multiple bit values per signal change (baud)

increasing bandwidth

Typically, combine amplitude and phase Increases information-carrying capacity of a channel without

Increased combinations also leads to increased likelihood

of errors

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

12 different phases are combined with 2 different amplitudes Since only 4 phase angles have 2 different amplitudes, there are a total of 16 combinations. With 16 signal combinations, each baud equals 4 bits of information (24 = 16) Commonly used in contemporary modems
A modem using 2400 baud signal achieves a data transfer rate of 9600bps (4x2400)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (cont.)

Constellations Diagram

The 4-QAM and 8-QAM Constellations

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK so that a maximum contrast between each signal and PSK so that a maximum contrast between each signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on) is achieved unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on) is achieved

Time Domain Plot for an 8-QAM Signal

Using Telephone Networks for Data Comm. Modulation & Demodulation

Modem stands for Modem stands for modulator/demodulator modulator/demodulator

Modems
An acronym for modulator-demodulator Uses a constant-frequency signal known as a

carrier signal Converts a series of binary voltage pulses into an analog signal by modulating the carrier signal The receiving modem translates the analog signal back into digital data

Telephone Line Bandwidth

A telephone line has a bandwidth of almost A telephone line has a bandwidth of almost 2400 Hz for data transmission 2400 Hz for data transmission

Codec vs. Modem

Codec is for coding analog data into digital form

(0s and 1s) and decoding it back

The digital data coded by Codec are samples of analog

waves

Modem is for modulating digital data into analog

form (changing the shape of a wave) and demodulating it back

The analog symbols carry digital data

How 56kbps Modems Work

56K modems take the basic concepts of PCM and turn them backwards
They are designed to recognize an 8-bit digital signal 8000 times per second The signal is generated directly by the phone company voice CODEC, driven in

turn by the ISP's equipment at their central site

It is impractical to use all 256 discrete CODEC codes

The output voltage levels near zero are too closely spaced to accurately represent

data on a noisy loop

The V.90 encoder uses subsets of the 256 codes to eliminate output signals most

susceptible to noise
The most robust 128 levels are used for 56 Kbps (Log2128=7bit * 8000=56K), 92

levels to send 52 Kbps, 64 levels to send 48 Kbps and so on

Using fewer levels provides more robust operation, but at a lower data rate

Traditional Modem Operation

Codec