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Salts & its preparation

Chapter 10
Reactions of acids
(usually these are method)s used for the preparation
of salts

 Acids + Metals → Salt + H2


 Acids + Carbonates → Salt + CO2 + H2O
 Acids + Bases → Salt + H2O

 Two other methods include:


 Precipitation
 Titration Easy !
How do salts form?
Defining salts
Acids + Metals → Salt + H2
HCl + Ca → CaCl2 + H2 (not balanced)

2HCl + Ca → CaCl2 + H2 (balanced)

2HCl + Ca → CaCl2 + H2
(a chloride salt)
What are the other types of
salts that can form?

contain H+
Acid Salts
Acid Salt
HCl NaCl chloride
HNO3 NaNO3 nitrate
H2SO4 sulphate
Na2SO4 or NaHSO4 (acid salt)
H2SO3 sulphite
Na2SO3 or NaHSO3 (acid salt)
H2CO3 carbonate
Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 (acid salt)
+ NaOH

Acid salts can undergo a further reaction with


the alkali to form a “true” salt.
Non-salts
 Non-salts do not have an acidic hydrogen
that can be removed.

No acidic H
 Common examples are:
possible
 Oxides

Hydroxides O 2−

OH −
Why prepare salts?... Uses…
They have many uses….
 Fertilizers
 e.g. ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
 e.g. potassium nitrate KNO3
 Food
 e.g. flavouring, fillers, etc…
 Industrial
 e.g. modifying properties of cement mixtures,
paint formulations, fillers in plastics, inks and
medical industry, etc…
Solubility table
Nitrates All soluble
All soluble except C,L,B
Sulphates
Calcium, Lead, Barium
Mnemonics: Chinese-Language B

All soluble except S,M,L


Chlorides
Silver, Mercury, Lead
Mnemonics: Senior Minister Lee

All insoluble except S,P,A


Carbonates
Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium

Hydroxides All insoluble except S,P,A + Ba + Ca


Other solubilities….

• All Group I & Ammonium compounds are

soluble

e thod
insoluble M
Salt precipitation
Preparation of Salts
of 2 soluble aqueous solutions
soluble

o d 
Acid + M eth M
M
+ C insoluble Acid + excess C
+ B M,C,B B
soluble
 M,C,B
t hod
Me Titration Salt solution
(acid+alkali)
Crystallize
What must we know before determining
a method of preparing them?
E.g. if we want to prepare calcium sulphate (plaster of
paris) or calcium chloride, how can we do it?
 1st – determine if the salt to be prepared is soluble or
insoluble? (if insoluble, precipitation → )

 2nd – if soluble, determine the acid required.

 3rd – determine if substance (M,C,B) being added to


the acid is soluble or insoluble?
 4th – determine the method (if M,C,B is soluble →titration
or if M,C,B is insoluble → addition in excess)
Method 1
Easy !
Precipitation
 Simplymix two (2) aqueous solutions together to
form the insoluble salt.

BaNO3(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)


insoluble

The precipitate (ppt) is


the solid that comes out
of solution
Method 2
Simple?
Titration
 Simply mix two (2) aqueous solutions of
known volume together (for complete
reaction) to form the soluble salt.
 Usually between an acid and a base.

e.g.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Is this possible to titrate?


2HCl(aq) + (NH4)2CO3(aq) → 2NH4Cl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Method 2
Titration
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
soluble salt
Steps:
 Titrate acid & base (with indicator)

 Determine exact quantities that will completely


neutralise the acid & alkali.
 Titrate acid & base again (without indicator)

 Salt formed can then be crystallised out in pure


form.
Method 3 – most commonly asked.
Reactions of acids with Metals,
insol Carbonates & insol Bases Tough?

Acid + excess (M,C,B) → salt + (H2O) + (gas)


+ excess MCB
soluble salt
Crystallisation:
 Filter the mixture (to remove excess MCB) & obtain
salt solution.
 Evaporate the salt solution to half its volume (by
direct heat or steam bath) until it is saturated/very
concentrated.
 Allow the saturated solution to cool (by air or ice-
bath)
 Filter the crystals (metal salt) that appear on cooling.
N2004 P2 A6
a. For each salt, suggest the name of the missing
reagent and briefly describe how to obtain the
solid product from the reaction mixture.
i. Salt to be made: lithium chloride
Reagent 1: dilute hydrochloric acid
Reagent 2: ???
I could obtain solid lithium chloride by:
_________________________________
N2004 P2 A6
a. For each salt, suggest the name of the missing
reagent and briefly describe how to obtain the
solid product from the reaction mixture.
ii. Salt to be made: barium sulphate
Reagent 1: aq. potassium sulphate
Reagent 2: ???
I could obtain solid barium sulphate by:
_________________________________
N2004 P2 A6
a. For each salt, suggest the name of the missing
reagent and briefly describe how to obtain the
solid product from the reaction mixture.
iii. Salt to be made: blue CuSO4 crystals
Reagent 1: dilute sulphuric acid
Reagent 2: ???
I could obtain blue CuSO4 crystals by:
_________________________________
N2004 P2 A6
a. Ammonium sulphate can be made by reacting
aqueous ammonia with dilute sulphuric acid.

2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4 (aq)

Calculate the mass of ammonium sulphate that


can be made from 51 g ammonia.
2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
51 g Mass?

M of NH3 = 17
r

M of (NH4)2SO4 = 132
r

 According to the equation,


2 X 17 g of NH3 produces 132 g of (NH4)2SO4
Therefore, 51
× 132 g
51 g of NH3 produces 34 of (NH4)2SO4
Cambridge Qn

A sample of hydrated copper(II) sulphate,


CuSO4.5H2O, was heated in the apparatus
shown below.
 On gentle heating, the blue crystals changed
to a white solid P and a neutral liquid Q was
collected in the tube cooled by cold water.
 Name the white solid and the neutral liquid.
[2]
Cambridge Qn
 On stronger heating, the white solid P
changed to a black solid R and a gas was
evolved which dissolved in liquid Q to form
solution S.
 The indicator paper turned red as solution S
was formed.
 Addition of aqueous barium chloride to
solution S gave a white precipitate.
 Name the white precipitate
 Give the formulae of the two ions present in
solution S.
 Name the black solid R. [4]
Excess HNO3
P gas + Colourless
solution

NaOH
Excess NaOH
ppt dissolves White ppt

Which could P be?


2.Calcium oxide
3.Aluminium sulphate
4.Copper(II) carbonate
5.Zinc carbonate
Hence, identify all the other unknowns.
N2003 P2 B11
A toilet cleaner contains the acid salt, sodium
dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2PO4.
 Explain why sodium dihydrogen phosphate
is both an ‘acid’ and a ‘salt’.
 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate can be
made by reacting sodium hydroxide with
phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
i. Write an equation for the formation of sodium
dihydrogen phosphate.
ii. Suggest the formula of two other salts formed from
sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.
N2003 P2 B11
 Explain why sulphuric acid (pH=1) behaves
as a strong acid but ethanoic acid (pH=4)
behaves as a weak acid.

 Describe an experiment, other than


measuring pH, that you could carry out to
show that sulphuric acid is a strong acid but
ethanoic is a weak acid.
State what measurements you would make
and what results you would expect.
J2002 P2 A1
CuSO4 KCl K2Cr2O7 KI
KMnO4 MgSO4 NH3 ZnSO4

All the above are in aqueous solution form.


Which of them are:
 Alkaline?
 Orange in colour?
 Used to test for oxidising agents?
 Used to test for sulphur dioxide?
 Reacts with acidified lead(II) nitrate to give
a yellow precipitate?

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