Define :GROUP DYAMICS

Is the dynamics comes from the Greek word social process in which people interact face-to-face in small groups word meaning force; hence groups dynamics refers to the study of forces operating within a group

Define: GROUP

Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives

Classification of GROUPS

TYPES OF GROUP
FORMAL INFORMAL

Public identity

Common Interest
Proximity

Goal to Achieve FRIENDSHIP

Define: FORMAL GROUP

Formal Group It is a group that is established by the organization and have a public identity and goal to achieve

Classification of FORMAL GROUP

FORMAL

Command or Task Force

Team

Command or Task Force

FORMAL GROUP

- Relatively temporary life

- Created to accomplish a short-term task and then be disbanded

- Meeting

Team

FORMAL GROUP

- People who regularly perform tasks together, as a part of their job assignments

Committees

FORMAL GROUP

Is a specific type of group meeting in which members in their group role have delegated the authority to handle the problem at hand.

The worker may even have greater influence on the committee's outcome as a result of differences in expertise, interest, or experience

Systems view of Effective Committees

Inputs

Processes
Leadership Roles

Outcomes
Leadership Roles

FORMAL GROUP

Size composition

Group Structures

Agenda

Group Structures

Feedback

FORMAL GROUP

Leadership Task Role - A type of a leadership role in groups - Its responsibility to help the group accomplish its objectives and stay on target Leadership Social Role - Another type of a leadership role in groups - Its responsibility to restore and maintain group relationships

Leadership Task Roles

FORMAL GROUP

Define a problem or goal

Request facts, ideas, or opinions

Clarify confused situation; give examples; provides structures

Provides facts, ideas, or opinions

Determine whether the agreement has been reached Check for consensus Test for ethicality

Summarize discussion

Leadership Social Roles

FORMAL GROUP

Support contributions of others; encourage by recognition

Sense the mood and help members become aware of it

Reduce the tension; admit an error

Facilitate participation
Evaluate group's effectiveness Deal with team stress

Informal Group

INFORMAL GROUP

A groups which emerges on the basis of common interests, proximity and friendships.

Informal Group

INFORMAL GROUP

Powerful influence on productivity and job satisfaction

INFORMAL GROUP

Network of Personal and Social Relations - Not established or required by the formal organization - Arising spontaneously as people associated with one another

INFORMAL GROUP

Emphasis:

People and their relationships

INFORMAL GROUP

Informal Leader (s)

This person emerges from within the group, often acquiring considerable informal power

The Informal Leader

INFORMAL GROUP

Help socialize new members into the organization

Called upon by the group to perform the more complex tasks to model and explain the key norms
- Play a dominant role in applying various forms and degrees of punishment to the individual to induce the desired behavior

Help build and sustain the group's cohesiveness

The Informal Leader

INFORMAL GROUP

Enjoy certain informal rewards and privileges

High esteem

Spared from a messy clean-up chore

Permitted by coworkers to choose a vacation time, first

Informal Leadership

INFORMAL GROUP

Form of Job Enrichment

- Variety in their workday - Feeling of greater significance

Increasing Personal Contacts Source of Recognition

- Being acknowledge for their skills and experiences - Avoiding the responsibilities of formal supervision

Agendas

AGENDA

Surface Agendas
A level of a meeting in which official task of the group

Hidden Agendas
The other level of a meeting in which involves members, private emotions and motives.

Brainstorming

BRAINSTORMING

Is a popular method for encouraging creative thinking in groups of about eight people.

Brainstorming

BRAINSTORMING

Generate as many ideas as possible

Be creative, free willing and imaginati ve

Build upon, extend, or, combine earlier ideas

Withhold criticism of others' ideas

Underlying Principles of Brainstorming

Electronic Brainstorming

BRAINSTORMING

Is in which the group members that sit at their personal computer terminalssometimes in scattered locations- and receive a question, an issue, or a request of establishing priorities.

Members sit at personal computer terminals and receive a question, an issue, or a request for establishing priorities

Type their own ideas

Ideas appear on their screens, available for response, editing, and input of judgment and votes

Underlying Principles of Brainstorming

Quantity Breed Quality

BRAINSTORMING

More ideas, eventually higher- quality ideas will be developed

Underlying Principles of Brainstorming

Deferred Judgment

BRAINSTORMING

Is which all ideas, even unusual and impractical ones, are encouraged without criticism or evaluation.

All ideas, even unusual and impractical ones, are encouraged without criticism

Ideas are recorded; evaluated for usefulness

Propose bold, unique ideas without worrying, about what others think of them

Nominal Group

NOMINAL GROUP

Members have minimal interaction prior to producing a decision

Nominal Group Technique

Individuals are brought together and presented with a problem

NOMINAL GROUP

Group decision is announced

Develop solutions independently

Members designated their preferences for the best alternative (secret ballot)

Ideas are shared with others in a structured format

Brief time is allotted for questions (clarifications purposes)

DELPHI DECISION GROUPS

Delphi Decision Groups

A panel of relevant people is chosen to address an issue

DELPHI DECISION GROUPS

Delphi Decision Groups

Series of questionnaires are distributed (no need to meet face-toface)

Responses are typically in writing

Asked to identify future problems, project market trends, or predict a future state of affairs

Replies are gathered, summarized, and fed back for review

Asked to make another decision on the basis of new information

DELPHI DECISION GROUPS

Success of the Delphi Decision Process

- Adequate time

- Participant expertise

- Communication Skills - Motivation of members

DELPHI DECISION GROUPS

Major Merits of the Delphi Decision Process

- Elimination of interpersonal problems - Efficient use of expert's time - Adequate time for reflection and analysis

- Diversity and quantity of ideas - Accuracy of predictions and forecast

DELPHI DECISION GROUPS

Delphi Decision methods

Problem
Proposal A Proposal B
Assumptions Underlying B

Assumptions Underlying A

A Pros and Cons Choice

B Pros and Cons

Compromise A & B

New Alternative

GROUP DECISIONS

Group Decision System

Uses computers, decision models, and technological advances to remove communication barriers, structure the decision process and generally direct the groups discussion

Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Support for Decisions

GROUP DECISIONS

People who participate in decision making feel more strongly motivated to accept it and carry it out

Meetings, one of the best means available of committing people to carry out a course of actions

Group Decisions- Carry more weight with those who are not group members

Associates, subordinates, and superiors

Free from individual prejudice

Combination of viewpoints

Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Quality of Decisions

GROUP DECISIONS

Effective Problem- Solving Tools

Have greater information available

Variety of experience

Capacity to examine suggestion s and reject the incorrect ones

Produce more and better quality of solutions

SOCIAL FACILITATION

Social facilitation
Group members often try harder to contribute on a task just because other people are around.

SOCIAL FACILITATION

Potential Outcomes of Formal Group Processes Individual Development

Some are more passive than others and may withhold their ideas
Having other people around, increases general level of arousal and awareness Social Facilitation- the presences of others which stimulates them to perform better

Benefit must through widespread and fairly even participation

Makes some people apprehensive about the likelihood of being appraised Presences of others' raises awareness of discrepancy between the actual and ideal self, stimulate to close the gap

Participation increases, developing new interactive skills

Consensus
Is a necessary prerequisite for effective group decisions.

CONSENSUS

Specific Ideas to Reach Consensus

Straw poll to identify where people stand

Create a subgroup Go around or fishbowl Pinpoint patterns of problems

CONSENSUS

Suggest a supermajority vote Withdraw controversial proposals

Facilitation
Is the process of helping a group attain resounding success, maximize its efficient use of time, and feel satisfied with its efforts

FACILITATION

FACILITATION

FACILITATION SKILLS

Resounding Success

Effective Facilitators
Separate idea getting to idea evaluations Generate multiple solutions to evaluate Avoid personal attacks

FACILITATION

Identify criteria for judging potential solutions

Piggyback on others' ideas

Attain balanced contributions

Effective Facilitators
Ask penetrating questions Focus the groups efforts

FACILITATION

Monitor the use of time

Record key conclusions Close the session in a positive note Listen with their eyes and ears

WEAKNESS OF COMMITTEES

Groupthink

Slowness and expensiveness

Meetingtendency of a tightlythat The tendency keep are sometimes Committeestypes minutesknit The alternative invest additional An of all to behavior and group to bring individual thinking in a resource in an apparently losing slow and waste way to get things sometimes appears costly hours proposition, influence thinking line with thedone groups by effort, money and time already invested.
Escalating Commitment Polarization

DEVILS ADVOCATE

Devils advocate
The person expected to question the ideas of others, probe of supporting facts, and challenge their logic.

Summary

Formal groups, which are established by the organization, Group dynamics is the process by which people interact include committees, groups. Such groups decision-making face-to-face in small task forces, and other may be informal groups. Formal formal groups may be used form of or formal, andgroups meetings are a widelytemporary or group activity; they can create quality decisions that are permanent. supported by the participants. Four structured approachesofcommonly used in group The complex system social relationships in an problem solving are of many small, informal groups. organization consists brainstorming, nominal groups, the Delphi technique, and dialectic inquiry. Promising These groups, which arise naturally from the interaction of developments are occurring in the areas of the informal people, are referred to collectively as group decision support systems. Weakness of have fall benefits, organization. Informal organizationsgroups major into five categories: slowness and expensiveness, groupthink, but they also lead to problems that management cannot polarization, escalating commitment, and divided easily ignore. Informal organizations are characterized by a responsibility. status system that produces informal leaders. Informal group norms are powerful influences on member behavior.