Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

Lecture 01
Course Conducted by Shuvodip Das, Lecturer, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Prime University, Dhaka.

Introduction
Previously we studied DC circuits. Where Current and Voltage are fixed in magnitude except for transient effects. Which was called DC current and DC voltage. AC i.e alternating or time varying quantities are used mainly for commercial supplies. The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

Waveforms

Fig: Alternating Waveforms

Sources of AC Power

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Note: Vertical scaling is in volts or amperes and horizontal scaling is in units of time. Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the voltage drop across a load). Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of Fig. , the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the average value of the function is zero volts.

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval. The waveform of Fig. 13.3 is a periodic waveform. Period (T ): The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T1 T2 T3 in Fig. 13.3), as long as successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used in determining T.

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Angular Velocity: The velocity with which the radius vector rotates about the center, called the angular velocity, can be determined from the following equation:

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltage: Definitions

GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

PHASE RELATIONS

The terms lead and lag are used to indicate the relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency plotted on the same set of axes. In Fig. 13.25, the cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90, and the sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90. The 90 is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms. In language commonly applied, the waveforms are out of phase by 90.

H.W: Introductory Circuit Analysis, Example: 13.12

Average or Mean Value

The amplitude of an AC waveform is its height as depicted on a graph over time. An amplitude measurement can take the form of peak, peak-to-peak, average, or RMS quantity. The Average/Mean Value of an AC Waveform The average or mean value of a continuous DC voltage will always be equal to its maximum peak value as a DC voltage is constant. In a pure sine wave if the average value is calculated over the full cycle, the average value would be equal to zero as the positive and negative halves will cancel each other out. So the average or mean value of an AC waveform is calculated or measured over a half cycle only and this is shown below.

Average/Mean Value: Continued

Average Value of a Non-sinusoidal Waveform

Where: n equals the actual number of mid-ordinates used.

Average amplitude is the mathematical "mean" of all a waveform's points over the period of one cycle. For a sine wave, the average value so calculated is approximately 0.637 of its peak value.

Average Voltage, VAV = VPK x 0.637 or Average Current, IAV = IPK X 0.637

RMS or Effective Value

"RMS" stands for Root Mean Square, and is a way of expressing an AC quantity of voltage or current in terms functionally equivalent to DC. The root-mean-square (rms) value or effective value of an ac waveform is a measure of how effective the waveform is in producing heat in a resistance. Example: If you connect a 5 Vrms source across a resistor, it will produce the same amount of heat as you would get if you connected a 5 V dc source across that same resistor. On the other hand, if you connect a 5 V peak source or a 5 V peak-topeak source across that resistor, it will not produce the same amount of heat as a 5 V dc source. That's why rms (or effective) values are useful: they give us a way to compare ac voltages to dc voltages. To show that a voltage or current is an rms value, we write rms after the unit: for example, Vrms = 25 V rms. It is also known as the "equivalent" or "DC equivalent" value of an AC voltage or current. For a sine wave, the RMS value is approximately 0.707 of its peak value.

VRMS = VPK x 0.707 and IRMS = IPK x 0.707

RMS or Effective Value

Relationship Between Peak Values & RMS Values For a sine wave, to convert from peak values to rms values, use these equations: Vrms 0.707 Vp Irms 0.707 Ip To convert in the other direction (from rms values to peak values), use these equations: Vp 1.414 Vrms Ip 1.414 Irms
NOTE: When we use a multimeter to measure ac voltage or current, it gives you effective (or rms) values, not peak values or peak-to-peak values. So if we measure the same voltage with both the multimeter and the oscilloscope , we've got to realize that we're getting an effective voltage from the meter and you're getting a peak (or peak-to-peak) voltage from the oscilloscope. To compare the two values,we need to convert one of them using the equations given above.

Crest factor and Form factor

The crest factor of an AC waveform is the ratio of its peak (crest) to its RMS value.
The crest factor or peak-to-average ratio (PAR) or peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a measurement of a waveform, calculated from the peak amplitude of the waveform divided by the RMS value of the waveform.

The form factor of an AC waveform is the ratio of its peak (crest) value to its average value.