Linear Power Supplies

Half Wave Rectifier Circuits Full Wave

1. Half Wave
V0

Functions of transformer

For Voltage Step up or Step down Provides isolation from power line

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During positive half cycle

During negative half cycle

PIV : Peak Inverse Voltage (Maximum Voltage diode must withstand during negative half cycle). PIV = Vm
Features Low cost, simple, low efficiency.

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2. Full Wave (a) Center tapped

D1

Vin

V0

D2

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+

When dot positive diode D1 Conducts

When dot negative diode D2 Conducts

Full wave rectifier uses both half cycles of input, while half wave rectifier uses only one half cycle. PIV = 2 Vm

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(b) Bridge Rectifier

Without filter Capacitor (C) With filter Capacitor (C)

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Why bridge rectifier preferred over center tap rectifier ? Center tap transformer not required PIV rating only Vm as compared to 2Vm in center tap

Disadvantages Four diodes required Problem occurs where low dc voltage is required

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When dot positive, diodes D2 & D4 conducts

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When dot negative, diodes D1 & D3 conducts

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Voltage Regulators

Fixed Adjustable

LPS using regulator IC

Regulator is used because output at filter is not pure, it contains ripple.

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Device type O/P Voltage
5.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 24.0

Maximum I/P Voltage

Details 78 XX
7805 7806 7808 7812 7815 7818 7824

35 V

Positive Voltage Voltage Value Regulator

40 V

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Ci required if regulator is located far off from power supply filter. Co to improve transient response of filter (optional)

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Plastic Package
1. 2. 3. Input Ground Output

Dropout Voltage
Difference between Input & Output Voltage Input should be at least 2V above output voltage

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79XX
Device type
7902 7905 7905.2 7906 7908 7912 7915 7918 7924

Output voltage
-2.0 -5.0 -5.2 -6.0 -8.0 -12.0 -15.0 -18.0 -24.0

Minimum Input Voltage

- 35 V

1. Ground 2. Input 3. Output

- 40 V

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In case if we need voltage other than that which is given by fixed regulator, then we can use adjustable voltage regulator. LM 317 (Adjustable positive voltage regulator) Adj. Vin Vout Adjust Input Voltage Output Voltage

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Two external resistance are required to set the output voltage V0 = R1I1 + (I1 + Iadj) R2

Where I1 = VREF/R1
Or V0 = R1 . VREF/R1 + (VREF/R1 + Iadj) R2 V0 = VREF (1 + R2/R1) + Iadj R2 VREF = 1.25 V, Iadj = 100 A (max) so we can neglect it Therefore V0 = 1.25 (1 + R2/R1)

Switched Mode Power Supply

Switched Mode Power Supply

In SMPS transistor operates as a switch (I.e. either in saturation or cutoff) as shown in figure

Switched Mode Power Supply

Power Dissipation

P0 = V . I
Therefore Psat. Pact. Pcutoff = V.I = V.I = V.I = 0 . Imax = 0 = V.I = finite = Vmax . 0 = 0

From above it follows that when transistor used as switch power losses are zero (ideally). Therefore the efficiency is maximum. SMPS LPS 70-90% 30-50%

Switched Mode Power Supply

Why SMPS ?
Induced EMF equation E = 4.44 Bm . . f . AC . N (1) Where Bm = Maximum flux density f = frequency AC = Area of cross section of core N = Number of turns E = Voltage Rearranging = n (1) we get ACN = E/4.44 Bm . f In equation (2) E, 4.44, Bm are constants Therefore ACN 1/f ACN represents the size Therefore Size 1/f

(2)

(3)

Switched Mode Power Supply

LPS f = 50 Hz therefore size

1/50

SMPS f = 20000 Hz size 1/20000

From above table it follows that size of SMPS transformer is very small as compared to that of LPS. Therefore, size of SMPS is small.