BY: Archit Gupta Arun C S Arun G Ashwaty Ravi B Rajni

Introduction Properties Chemical structure Production methods Uses

Gaseous organic compound with the formula C2H2 IUPAC name Acetylene. Systematic name Ethyne. Acetylene, either as gas or liquid is very explosive Easily decomposable into the elements(2C + H2) can be initiated by heat or mechanical shock Storage requires addition of a mutual solvent (acetone) and a porous inert material (asbestos) as safe release carrier.

Colourlesss gas 26.04g/mol-molar mass Triple point -86.6 C and 961.5 mm Hg pressure Ignition point 305 C MP: -80.8 C,BP:84 C

In terms of valence bond theory, in each carbon atom the 2s orbitals hybridizes with one 2p orbital thus forming an sp hybrid. The other two 2p orbitals remain unhybridized. The two ends of the two sp hybrid orbitals overlap to form a strong valence bond between the carbons, while on each of the other two ends hydrogen atoms attach also by bonds. The two unchanged 2p orbitals form a pair of weaker valence bond

From petroleum hydrocarbons

1. Partial or Stage-wise combustion 2. Pyrolysis 3. Arc process

From Calcium carbide

Raw Materials
1. Natural gas or higher mol.wt hydrocarbon 2. Low purity grade oxygen

Chemical reactions
1. Exothermic heat supply 2. Endothermic production reaction
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 C2H2 2C + H2

3. Undesirable side reaction

Hydrocarbon feed and low purity oxygen are heated separately to 550 C Then fed to an acetylene production burner which can be designed for one-stage or twostage operation. The hydrocarbon is cracked to acetylene at the 1500 C operating temperature Then product gases are quenched immediately to avoid undue pyrolysis of acetylene .

The residence time is less than 100 milliseconds. Carbon black is removed in the water quench and on a moving bed. Separation of polymers from acetylene
Acetylene and its dimer are absorbed in cold dimethyl formamide and then stripped in a fractionating column.

Thermodynamic and kinetic consideration.

1. Rapid heat-up to induce the pyrolysis and then quench to low temperature again before the back reaction and side reaction to produce C + H2 becomes significant.

Burner design
1. One stage burner. 2. Two stage burner.

Separation of polymer and purification of acetylene Design of explosion proof plant operation

The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler Natta catalysts produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds, was the one of first discovered organic semiconductors. Its reaction with iodine produces a highly electrically conducting material. Although such materials are not useful, these discoveries led to the developments of organic semiconductors.

Welding

Acetylene is sometimes used for carburization (that is, hardening) of steel when the object is too large to fit into a furnace. Acetylene is used to volatilize carbon in radiocarbon dating.

Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over 3600 K , releasing 11.8 KJ/g. Oxyacetylene is the hottest burning common fuel gas. Acetylene is the third hottest natural chemical flame.

Reppe chemistry
In the presence of metal catalyst, acetylene can react to give a wide range of industrially significant chemicals. With alcohols, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen chloride, or carboxylic acid to give vinyl compounds:

With aldehydes to give ethynyl diols.

1,4Butynediol is produced industrially in this way from formaldehyde and acetylene.

With carbon monoxide to give acrylic acid, or acrylic esters, which can be used to produce acrylic glass.

Cyclicization to give benzene and cyclooctatetraene

Highly flammable. Acetylene can explode with extreme violence if the pressure of the gas exceeds about 200 kPa It is therefore shipped and stored dissolved in acetone or dimmethylformamide (DMF), contained in a metal cylinder with a porous filling , which renders it safe to transport and use, given proper handling.

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