Noi dung : Chng 3 PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH D LIEU

Xuat phat t cach nhn cua mot nha nghien cu muon xac nh cac phng phap phan tch a vao ng dung cho d lieu, ch khong phai t cach nhn cua mot ky thuat vien thong ke (co the thau hieu ay

u hn ban chat cac phng phap thong ke),

3.1 Ban chat va chc nang cua phan tch thong ke Phan tch thong ke co the c hieu la cac phng phap chat loc d lieu e rut ra cac suy luan logic. Cac giai oan chu yeu cua phan tch thong ke gom co:

Sap xep d lieu tho vao cac th bac a c o lng. Tom tat d lieu. Ap dung cac phng phap phan tch e lam ro cac moi quan he tng ho va cac y ngha nh lng gia cac d lieu.

3.2 Qua trnh phan tch d lieu

Xep d lieu theo th t (lap day, lap bang, xep loai, tnh %)Tom tat d lieu thong keChon phng phap phan tch thch hp (chon cac tieu chuan)Phan tch cac sai bietNghien

cu cac moi lien hePhan tch d lieu thc nghiem

a/ Xep d lieu theo th t D lieu tho c thu thap t thc a va ma hoa van cha u ieu kien e cho phep phan tch, dien giai. Chung can c trai qua giai oan sap xep theo th t va bc thong ke (lap bang). Phan lam 3 loai nh sau:

b/ Lap day (array) ay la hnh thc n gian nhat e sap xep d lieu. Cach nay se xep d lieu thanh chuoi so theo hng tang dan, hoac giam dan. Phng phap nay ch thch hp vi nhng day d lieu nho, no cho thay s phan bo cua day so, gia tr max va min cua day so, s tap trung cua day so o

c/ Lap bang n gian (mot chieu hoac mot bien) Ta em tan suat xuat hien cua d lieu trong chuoi d lieu va lap thanh bang phan phoi tan suat (frequency distribution) nh sau

Bang phan bo tuoi cua cac th sinh

Tuoi Tan so tuyet oi
1 3 2 5 2 3 6.3 18.8 12.5 31.5 12.5 18.8

Tan so tng oi (%)

6.3 25.0 37.5 68.8 81.3 100.0

Tan so tch luy (%)

17 18 19 20 21 22
Tong cong

16

100.0

Dang bang nay the hien kha ro rang ve phan bo day d lieu theo cac mc d lieu khac nhau

Tan so quan sat tuyet oi ng vi tng mc d lieu khac nhau. Tan so quan sat tng oi tnh theo ty le % cua tng mc d lieu so vi toan bo mau quan sat. Tan so tch luy ch ro ty le % cua tat ca quan sat co gia tr nho hn hay bang gia tr mc d lieu ang xem xet. Cac gia tr d lieu bat thng (qua ln hay qua nho) e

kiem chng lai v nhng gia tr d lieu sau co the lam lech ket qua phan tch thong ke, hoac nhng gia tr ung nhng bat thng oi khi can mot cach x ly ac biet khac. Cac gia tr ma hoa bat thng se ch ra sai sot do viec nhap lieu hay ma hoa.

d/ Lap bang so sanh toan dien (Cross-tabulation)

Nhieu van e nghien cu co the c giai quyet bang viec lap nhng bang n gian. Tuy nhien, bang n gian ch cho biet s phan bo cua mot bien so tai mot thi iem nao o, va co the khong em lai ay u thong tin cho d lieu. Hau het cac d lieu eu co the c to chc hnh thc cao hn e cho ra nhng thong tin phu them. Bang so sach toan dien chnh la hnh thc m rong cua bang mot chieu e nha nghien cu co the nghien cu moi lien he gia hai hay nhieu bien bang cach ong thi em tan so xuat hien tng bang mot chieu.

V du: Lien he gia mc li tc va trnh o giao duc

Giao duc tren moi au ngi Mc li tc (dollar) Di 5000 50007999 80009999 10000 12499 12500 14999 15000 19999 20000 24999 Tren 25000
Ton g so

Giao duc pho thong tr xuong Co t 1-3 nam trung hoc Tot nghiep trung hoc

232

136

61

48

40

46

16

13

592

145

99

46

80

51

61

26

33

541

196

217

137

187

217

220

164

139

1477

4- o lng khuynh hng hoi tu cua d lieu

Ba cach n gian nhat e o lng khuynh hng hoi tu cua day d lieu la tnh cac gia tr mode, gia tr trung v (median) va gia tr trung bnh (mean).

Gia tr mode Gia tr mode la gia tr d lieu co tan so quan sat ln nhat, hoac thuoc lp co tan suat xuat hien ln nhat. Gia tr trung v Gia tr trung v cua mot day phan phoi la gia tr ma 50% gia tr quan sat c cua day nho hn no va 50% gia tr con lai cua day ln hn no. Trc khi tnh gia tr trung v, ta phai sap xep d lieu theo th t. Gia tr trung bnh Gia tr trung bnh c hieu la trung bnh so hoc, c tnh bang tong cac gia tr cua cac quan sat chia cho so lan quan sat.

5- o lng o phan tan cua d lieu

Hai day phan phoi co the co cung gia tr ve o lng khuynh hng hoi tu, nhng rat khac nhau ve tnh chat phan bo cua cac quan sat, goi la o phan tan cua d lieu. Cac gia tr o lng o phan tan nay rat can thiet, chung bo sung cho cac gia tr o lng o hoi tu e lam ro ac trng cua day d lieu ang c nghien cu.

Khoang bien thien (range) Khoang bien thien la sai biet gia gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat trong day phan phoi. Gia tr nay ch neu bat cac cc tr cua d lieu ma khong so sanh vi gia tr trung bnh nen co the lam lech hnh anh day phan phoi. He so bien thien (Coefficient of Variation) Neu can so sanh o phan tan cua hai hay nhieu day phan phoi co gia tr trung bnh khac nhau hay co cac n

6- La chon phng phap phan tch d lieu thch hp Khi can nhac la chon phng phap phan tch d lieu thch hp, chung ta phai da tren nhng c s sau ay: 6.1 Ky thuat phan tch muon chng minh ieu g ? Nha nghien cu thng phai tra li cac cau hoi: Nhng ket qua co y ngha g ve mat thong ke ?, hoac Lieu cac ket qua co xuat

hien mot cach ngau nhien do viec ch s dung mot mau duy nhat khong ?.

D lieu tham so va d lieu phi tham so D lieu goi la thuoc loai tham so (parametric) khi chung c phan phoi xung quanh gia tr trung bnh hoac gia tr trung tam cua chung mot cach oi xng tng t ng cong xac suat chuan tac. Khi o, chung ta co the dung nhng kiem nh xac suat e xac nh y ngha thong ke oi vi bat ky mau nghien cu nao lay ra t tong the. D lieu phi tham so (non parametric) khong c phan phoi theo ng cong xac suat chuan tac nen y ngha thong ke hoc cua chung phai c xem xet bang nhng kiem nh khac vi loai kiem nh can c tren xac suat.

Phng phap n bien : ch phan tch 1 bien so duy nhat. Phng phap hai bien : phan tch s lien he gia 2 bien so. Phng phap a bien : phan tch s lien he gia 3 hay nhieu bien so vi nhau.

Tnh phu thuoc va phu thuoc lan nhau Phng phap phan tch s lien he gia cac bien so c chia lam 2 nhom: Mot bien so phu thuoc c kiem nh ve tnh phu thuoc cua no vi nhng bien so oc lap khac. Tat ca cac bien so c nghien cu ve moi lien he lan nhau, tnh phu thuoc lan nhau gia chung.

So lng mau nghien cu can en Cac kiem nh thong ke c dung tuy theo muc ch: Kiem tra nhng sai biet ang ke gia mot mau n thuan vi tong the ac biet nao o. Kiem tra nhng sai biet ang ke gia hai mau oc lap hay co lien quan vi nhau. Kiem nh y ngha cua nhng sai biet gia ba hay nhieu mau oc lap hay co lien quan vi nhau. S o lng moi tng quan va nhng ket qua kiem nh ve y ngha cua chung.

7- Kiem nh thong ke e anh gia cac gia thuyet

Nguyen tac kiem nh gia thuyet Trong muc III, ta a dung ket qua cua mau e c lng mot so tr so thc con cha biet cua tong the va da vao o lam c s mo ta tong the. Ngoai ra, e nhan biet cac tham so cua th trng (tong the) mot cach ay u va chi tiet hn, ta co the a ra mot so gia thuyet ve cac thong so o va s dung cac thong tin thu thap tren mau e chng minh. Cong cu chu yeu cho qua trnh o la cac kiem nh thong ke.

Cac bc tong quat can thc hien khi kiem nh gia thuyet
Phat bieu gia thuyet khong va gia

thuyet thay the

Chon mc y

ngha mong muon

Chon kiem nh thong ke thch hp

Rut ra ket luan thong ke ve gia thuyet khong

6

Tnh tr so thong ke cua kiem nh thch hp cho phan phoi lay mau
5

Xac nh vung bac bo hay cac vung ti han

4

Bc 1:

Gia thuyet ve mot gia tr tong the nao o can phai c kiem nh goi la gia thuyet khong (null hypothesis), ky hieu la. Mot ket luan khac ma viec chap nhan no phu thuoc vao viec bac bo gia thuyet khong th c goi la gia thuyet thay the (alternative hypothesis), ky hieu la . Viec thiet lap tuy thuoc vao ban chat va tnh nh hng sai biet cua tnh huong. Neu tnh huong khong co nh hng sai biet, gia thuyet se c kiem nh 2 uoi (twotailed test). Neu tnh huong co nh hng sai biet, se c kiem nh 1 uoi (one-tailed test). Tnh nh hng cua gia thiet se anh hng en kiem nh thong ke c thc hien va viec ra quyet nh.

Bc 2:

V anh hng cua sai so lay mau nen that kho anh gia viec quyet nh chap nhan hay bac bo mot gia thuyet la ung. Khi mot gia thuyet khong b bac bo ma le ra no phai c chap nhan th se dan en sai lam loai I. Kha nang pham sai lam nh vay c goi la mc y ngha va ky hieu la . Thng dung = 0.1, = 0.05 va = 0.01. Mc cang nho th rui ro bac bo ly thuyet khong khi no ung se giam xuong. Nhng ngc lai, rui ro chap nhan gia thuyet khong khi no sai lai tang len, dan en sai lam loai II, va ky hieu la . Trong thc te kho at c s can bang gia 2 loai sai so nay.

Bc 3: Viec chon kiem nh thong ke thch hp phu thuoc vao : Ban chat van e: phan tch sai biet, hoac nghien cu cac moi lien he. Cap o o lng. So mau : 1, 2 hay nhieu hn. Cac mau oc lap hay co lien he vi nhau. Va nha nghien cu phai biet phan phoi xac suat ma so thong ke cua kiem nh c tnh toan se co lien quan en.

Bc 4:

Khi a chon kiem nh thong ke va mc thch hp, ta se xac nh c cac tr so ti han tng ng t phan phoi lay mau cua mot kiem nh thong ke o. Phan phoi lay mau cua mot kiem nh thong ke bao gom moi gia tr co the co ma mot so thong ke cua kiem nh co the lay theo gia thuyet khong. Tr so ti han la ranh gii cua cac vung chap nhan va vung bac bo gia thuyet khong.

Bc 5:

Phan tch cac so lieu that s bang cong thc thch hp e tnh ra tr so thong ke cua kiem nh.

Bc 6:

Neu tr so thong ke cua kiem nh c tnh bc 5 vt qua tr so ti han bc 4, ta bac bo gia thuyet khong. Ngc lai, se khong co cac bang chng thong ke e bac bo gia thuyet nay.

8- Phan tch n bien (univariable data analysis)

Phan tch n bien lien quan ti viec nghien cu mot so bien so ma ta a o lng tren mot mau phan t. Co hai van e can xem xet trong phan tch n bien : Mo ta d lieu: c the hien di 2 goc o xu hng hoi tu va xu hng phan tan cua d lieu cung nh dang phan phoi cac quan sat. Dien giai: bao gom viec so sanh cac gia tr quan sat vi mot hoac nhieu gia tr a nh tng ng vi muc tieu mong muon hoac mot ket qua nghien cu trc o. Cac phng phap phan tch c s dung tuy thuoc vao loai cua bien so: nh danh, th t, hay metric (khoang cach va ty le).

8.1 Phan tch mot bien nh danh Bien nh danh cha ng cac gia tr toan hoc t nhat trong cac bien. Ta co the tnh so lng quan sat tng ng vi moi hang (category) hay moi dang thc (modality) cua bien, ngha la lap cac bang dien giai n gian hoac so sanh toan dien. Xu hng hoi tu the hien thong qua gia tr mode phan anh s tap trung nhieu nhat cua cac quan sat vao mot dang thc nao o. o phan tan bieu hien tan suat, ngha la ty le % so cac quan sat xuat hien tng ng moi dang thc. Thong ke dien giai tng ng vi bien nh danh la kiem nh Chi-bnh phng dung e so sanh phan phoi quan sat trong mau vi mot phan phoi a nh trc. Ngoai ra, trng hp bien nh danh co dang lng phan, ta co the s dung kiem nh nh thc e kiem tra gia thuyet. Kiem nh Chi-bnh phng se c trnh bay chi tiet hn phan sau. Kiem nh nh thc co the tom tat nh sau:

KIEM NH NH THC Gia s ta co mot mau n phan t lay ra t tong the nao o bao gom 2 hang (category). Phan phoi nh thc la phan phoi cua cac ty le cua 2 hang o trong mau. V vay, gia thuyet H0 la khong co s khac nhau gia cac ty le trong mau va trong tong the ma no ai dien.Kiem nh nh thc bao gom viec tnh toan cac xac suat Ptt nhan c cac gia tr quan sat trong mau. So sanh cac xac suat nay vi gia tr ngng cua o tin cay a xac nh ta co the : Bac bo gia thuyet H0 khi Ptt < . Chap nhan gia thuyet H0 khi Ptt => .

V du : Nghien cu s hieu biet cua mot tap hp khach hang

trong mot tong the xac nh ve cac san pham khong co nhan hieu, gia thuyet H0 la trong so oi tng nghien cu, ty le nhng ngi biet cac san pham nay la 50% (khong co s khac nhau gia so ngi biet va khong biet cac san pham). Xac suat nhan c k oi tng trong 1 hang (co biet cac san pham khong nhan) va ( n-k ) oi tng trong hang kia (khong biet cac san pham khong nhan) c trnh bay nh sau : Vi Pk = n! Pk qn-k k!(n-k) ) Vi P(k) = xac suat nhan c k oi tng P = ty le oi tng trong 1 hang cua tong the Q = ty le oi tng trong hang kia cua tong the Xac suat nhan c k oi tng hay t hn se la tong so cac xac suat nhan c 0 oi tng, 1 oi tng, ... ti k oi tng.

Gia s mau nghien cu co 16 phan t. Gia thuyet H0 se la: p = q = Trong mau ch co 2 phan t khong biet cac san pham khong nhan ( k = 2).
So sanh P(k <= 2)=0,002 vi gia tr ngng = 0,05 va = 0,01 ta thay P(k <= 2) <. = = 0,01. Do o, co the bac bo gia thuyet tai H0 tai P <= 0,01 .

Nh vay :Ptt ( k <= 2) =P(0)+P(1)+p(2)=0.002

Phan tch mot bien th t ay la bien chat lng trong o cac gia tr c sap xep theo th t. Xu hng hoi tu c the hien thong qua gia tr trung v, la gia tr phan chia tong the nghien cu ra lam hai phan eu nhau. o phan tan c bieu dien bi cac phan nhanh (fractiles) phan chia tong the ra lam cac phan eu nhau theo th hang. Thng s dung nhat la phan nhanh 4 (quartile chia tong the ra lam 4 hang bang nhau), sau o ngi ta so sanh gia tr au tien vi gia tr cuoi cung cua cac phan nhanh.

Kiem nh s dung e chng minh gia thuyet oi vi 1 bien th t la kiem nh Kolmogorov-Smirnov. KIEM NH KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV ay la 1 kiem nh phi tham so nham so sanh s phan chia cac quan sat trong mau vi mot phan chia chuan a xac nh.V du : Gia thuyet rang mot mau co 100 ngi tieu dung a cho y kien ve mot loai my pham mi theo thang o co 4 th hang t rat am en rat nhat. Muc tieu cua kiem nh la so sanh s phan phoi cac cau tra li vi s phan phoi ly thuyet tng ng vi gia thuyet H0 (khong co s khac nhau gia ty le cac cau tra li cac th hang). Neu quy mo mau n>35 giai thuyet H0 b bac bo khi mc sai so =0.01

Phan tch mot bien metric Trong trng hp mot bien metric (gom bien khoang cach va bien ty le), xu hng hoi tu la gia tr trung bnh. o phan tan c the hien thong qua gia tr phng sai va o lech chuan. Hai ch tieu nay c dung e so sanh phan phoi quan sat c vi phan phoi chuan la he so oi xng (hay skewness) va he so tap trung (hay kurtosis). Kiem nh s dung la kiem nh trung bnh: So sanh phan phoi quan sat vi phan phoi chuan. Hai ch tieu anh gia o phan tan c s dung e so sanh phan phoi quan sat vi phan phoi chuan (hay goi la ng cong Gauss hoac ng cong hnh chuong) la he so oi xng (symmetric coefficient) va he so tap trung (concentrated coefficient).

Phan tch hai bien th t th t o lng tng quan gia 2 bien th t c thc hien chu yeu thong qua 2 hen so tng quan theo th bac Spearman (rho ) va Kendal (tau ). Hai he so nay dao ong t 1 en +1. p = +1 tng ng vi mot tng quan thuan chieu hoan toan (2 s xep hang ong nhat). P =-1 tng ng vi mot tng quan ngc chieu hoan toan (2 s xep hang trai ngc nhau). P =0 khong co quan he g gia 2 s xep hang.

Phan tch hai bien nh danh - nh danh Trng hp nay rat thng gap trong nghien cu. Noi dung phan tch chu yeu bao gom: Lap cac bang ngau nhien. Ap dung kiem nh Chi bnh phng o lng cac tng quan.

Lap cac bang ngau nhien Cac bang ngau nhien (bang cheo) nham so sanh cac cau tra loi

cua 1 cau hoi theo cau tra li cho trc cua 1 cau hoi khac. V du ta so sanh cau tra li co-khong (cau hoi ve tieu thu san pham P vi cau hoi ve gii tnh cua oi tng nghien cu: nam n). Ma tran thong tin trong trng hp nay bao gom 2 cot 2 hang vi 4 kha nang ket hp co the xay ra (nam+co, nam+khong, n+co, n+khong).

Phan tch hoi quy Phng phap phan tch hoi quy la phng phap lap mot ham quan he gia cac bien khi biet c gia tr tng ng cua chung.

Hoi quy tuyen tnh: Khi quan he gia cac bien la tuyen tnh. Hoi quy phi tuyen: Khi quan he gia cac bien la phi tuyen. Phan tch hoi quy phi tuyen phc tap hn nhieu so vi hoi quy tuyen tnh nen t c dung. Hoi quy n gian: Khi ta xem xet quan he ch cua 2 bien.

Chng 5 THONG KE MO TA

Thong ke mo ta la bc c ban va cung la bc khi au cua nhieu cong trnh toan thong ke. Cac thuat toan va o th dung trong thong ke mo ta kha phong phu va tuy thuoc vao mau nghien cu (nh lng, nh tnh hay ban nh lng).

I-Thong ke mo ta

Bang phan phoi tan so

Thc hien mo ta phan phoi tan so tren SPSS: (tap Diem_thi.sav)

Hop thoai phan phoi tan so:

Chon loai bieu o can ve

Chon bien lap bang phan phoi tan so

Tnh cac ai lng thong ke mo ta

Bang phan phoi tan so:

So quan sat hp le
So quan sat b thieu d lieu
N Va lid Missing
Va lid 1. 0 2. 5 3. 0 4. 0 4. 5 5. 0 5. 5 6. 0 6. 5 7. 0 Tot al Frequ ency 2 5 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 23 Pe rce nt 8. 7 21. 7 4. 3 21. 7 13. 0 4. 3 13. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 100. 0

Statistics
Tho ng ke X a ho i ngon ngo n n g ho c ng ho c 23 23 0 0

Thong k e ngon ng hoc

Va lid P ercent 8. 7 21. 7 4. 3 21. 7 13. 0 4. 3 13. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 100. 0 C um ulat iv e Percent 8. 7 30. 4 34. 8 56. 5 69. 6 73. 9 87. 0 91. 3 95. 7 100. 0

Xa hoi ngon ng hoc

Va lid

.0 1. 5 2. 5 3. 0 3. 5 4. 0 4. 5 5. 0 5. 5 6. 5 7. 0 8. 0 Tot al

Freque ncy 1 2 1 1 6 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 23

Pe rcen t 4. 3 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 26. 1 13. 0 8. 7 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 4. 3 100. 0

Va lid Perc ent 4. 3 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 26. 1 13. 0 8. 7 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 4. 3 100. 0

C um ulat iv e Percent 4. 3 13. 0 17. 4 21. 7 47. 8 60. 9 69. 6 78. 3 82. 6 87. 0 95. 7 100. 0

30

Gii thch t ng dng trong thng k m t

Sum: Tng Cng, Maximum: Gi tr ln nht, Minimun: Gi tr nh nht, Mode: Gi tr xut hin nhiu nht, Mean: Gi tr trung bnh, Median: Gi tr trung v, Frequencies: Tn xut, Std. deviation: lnh chun, S.E.Mean: Sai s chun khi c lng tr trung bnh, Std. Error: Sai s chun khi dng t trung bnh ca mu c lng tr trung bnh ca tng th, Range: Khong bin thin.

Cac ai lng thong ke mo ta Ch tnh tren cac bien nh lng, ngc lai se khong co y ngha.
Thc hien tren SPSS:

Thc hien tren SPSS:

Lap bang tong hp nhieu bien Bang hai bien nh tnh Co the dung Basic Tables va General Tables.(tap Ho_gia_dinh.sav)
Thc hien lap bang Basic Tables tren SPSS:

Thc hien lap bang Basic Tables tren SPSS:

Cac lap bang thong ke

Sap xep so lieu trong bang

Hien tong dong va cot

Chon ham thong ke

Chnh dang so lieu

Thay oi nhan thong ke

phu hp khi chon ham Col%. * O Down: Cha bien dong, tao len dong cua bang, phu hp khi chon ham Row%. * In separate tables: cac ai lng thong ke c sap xep theo cac bang rieng, moi bang hien th ket qua tnh theo mot ham thong ke. Kieu sap xep nay phu hp khi bang tnh co quy mo ln, nhieu dong

Sap xep cac ai lng tnh toan trong bang so lieu: * O Across: Cha bien cot, tao len cot cua ban,

Nut Statistics: chon ham thong ke can thiet, sau khi Click vao ham ta chon nut Add e a ham vao phan tch. O Summaries: e cha bien nh lng

Ta co cac bang tong hp sau:

1- Bang 2 bien nh tnh 2- Bang 3 bien nh tnh 3- Bang 1 bien nh tnh va mot bien nh lng 4- Bang 2 bien nh tnh, mot bien nh lng

X ly bien nhieu la chon

Co 2 cach e x ly: Dung: Analyze -> Custom Tables -> Multiple Repose Tables. Dung: Analyze -> Custom Tables -> General Tables.

Repose Tables.

Chon cac bien lien quan

Lu lai

Ten va nhan tap a ap ng

Chon Define Set bang tao bien ao xuat hien: Tai Variables in set: a cac bien nho trong bien nhieu la chon vao o: Layes, sau o. Tai O Name: at ten bien Tai O label: at nhan bien Chon: Categories: Bien co nhieu tra li. Chon: Dichotomies: Bien co 2 tra li Sau o nhan nut Add a bien vao phan tch va Save lu lai ( chon Statics bang phan phoi tan suat hoac Generral Tables tuy cach thc hien ).

Bien phu thuoc

Bien oc lap

1
4

Trnh by kt qu bng th

th l cng c phn tch thng k hu ch, trc quan gip cho ta c th biu din d liu mt cch sinh ng, trc quan v d hnh dung nhm b sung nhng hn ch trong vic trnh by d liu bng bng biu. Tuy nhin: th trn SPSS c nhiu tnh nng mnh, nhng n khng c kh nng lin kt vi cc file Word, Powerpoint hoc Excel bng lnh ( Paste Special). Chng ta c th chuyn thng tin t SPSS sang Excel v th hoc trc tip trn SPSS.

I.

Trnh bay so lieu bang bieu o

Trnh bay so lieu cua bieu o, phai theo nguyen tac sau:

Bieu o phai ro rang, khong rm ra, bo qua chi tiet khong can thiet. Nhng ch dan tren bieu o phai c hieu de dang. Chu y n v cua bieu o, cach phan biet cac thanh phan khac nhau cua bieu o bang mau sac, bang cac ky t

Co hai loai bieu dien bang dang bieu o: Bieu o: bieu dien so lieu bien thien mot cach ri rac, co the la bieu o tan suat hay bieu o khoi. o th: so lieu bien thien lien tuc, theo mot ham nao o.

2- Moi quan he gia cac bien nh lng

Mo ta moi quan he gia hai bien nh lng Bieu o phan tan (scatter) rat hu ch trong viec mo ta moi quan he gia hai bien nh lng. Theo quy c, co the at bien phu thuoc tren truc tung va bien oc lap tren truc hoanh. Khong giong quy c cho cac bang, thng b
bo qua, quy c nay c dung rat rong rai trong cac nganh khoa hoc xa hoi. (Xem phan hoi quy tuyen tnh)

1- Dng d th biu din tp tin d liu 1 bin:

T Menu Graphs -> Chn loi th (Bar) > Simple -> Summaries for groups of cases -> Define. a bin nh cn biu din th vo Category Axis, chn N of cases Nhn vo Titles t tn th ( dng ting vit vi bng m TCVN3).

2- Dng th biu din tp tin d liu 1 bin c phn tch theo bin khc:

T Menu Graphs -> Chn loi th (Bar) -> Clustered -> Summaries for groups of cases -> Define. a bin vo Category Axis v Define Clusters by. Nhn vo Titles t tn th ( dng ting vit vi bng m TCVN3). Nu ta chn Other summary function th a bin nnh lng vo Variable. Mc nhin l tnh tr trung bnh, mun thay i khc nhn Change Summary.

3- Hiu chnh th

Double vo th hin ca s Chart Editor ta tin hnh hiu chnh.