Professional Documents
Culture Documents
# #
#
=
= + = +
=
ac
stantaneous current is:
2 cos( )
( )
J t
i t
+
=
8L ClrculL Analysls conL'd
1
1
ac dc 1
1
2. Exponentially decaying dc current component
( )
where is the time constant,
The value oI is determined Irom the initial
conditions:
2
(0) 0 ( ) ( ) cos( )
2
t
T
d.
t
T
i t C e
T T
#
C
J
i i t i t t C e
J
C
=
=
= = + = + +
= cos( ) which depends on
1lme varylng currenL
()
Llme
SuperposlLlon of sLeadysLaLe componenL and
exponenLlally decaylng dc offseL
8L ClrculL Analysls conL'd
dc
Z 1
Hence ( ) is a sinusoidal superimposed on a decaying
dc current. The magnitude oI (0) depends on when
the switch is closed. For Iault analysis we're just
2
concerned with the worst case: ,
i t
i
C x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
( ) cos( )
2
( cos( ) )
,. d.
t
T
t
T
J
i t i t i t
J J
i t t e
J
t e
= +
= +
= +
8MS for aulL CurrenL
The interrupting capability oI a circuit breaker is
speciIied in terms oI the RMS current it can interrupt.
2
The Iunction ( ) ( cos( ) ) is
not periodic, so we can't Iormally deIine an RMS value
t
T
J
i t t e
= +
.
However, iI then we can approximate the current
as a sinusoid plus a time-invarying dc oIIset.
The RMS value oI such a current is equal to the
square root oI the sum oI the squares oI the
indivi
T t
dual RMS values oI the two current components.
8MS for aulL CurrenL
2 2
RMS
2
2 2
I ,
2
where , 2 ,
2
This Iunction has a maximum value oI 3 .
ThereIore the worst case eIIect oI the dc
component is included simply by
mu
,. d.
t t
T T
,. d. ,.
t
T
,. ,.
,.
I I
J J
I I e I e
I I e
I
= +
= = =
= +
ltiplying the ac Iault currents by 3.
CeneraLor Modellng uurlng aulLs
uurlng a faulL Lhe only devlces LhaL can
conLrlbuLe faulL currenL are Lhose wlLh energy
sLorage
1hus Lhe models of generaLors (and oLher
roLaLlng machlnes) are very lmporLanL slnce Lhey
conLrlbuLe Lhe bulk of Lhe faulL currenL
CeneraLors can be approxlmaLed as a consLanL
volLage behlnd a Llmevarylng reacLance
'
,
d
'
d
d
The time varying reactance is typically approximated
using three diIIerent values, each valid Ior a diIIerent
time period:
X direct-axis subtransient reactance
X direct-axis transient reactance
X dire
=
=
= ct-axis synchronous reactance
Can then estimate currents using circuit theory:
For example, could calculate steady-state current
that would occur aIter a three-phase short-circuit
iI no circuit breakers interrupt current.
CeneraLor Modellng conL'd
'
'
'
ac
'
i t t
e
T
+
+ +
' '
= +
+
' ' |
=
'
btransient time constant ( 0.035sec)
direct-axis transient time constant ( 1sec)
d
T
=
CeneraLor Modellng conLd
'
'
'
ac
'
'
DC
The phasor current is then
1 1 1
1 1
The maximum DC oIIset is
2
( )
where is the armature time constant ( 0.2 seconds)
d
d
A
t
T
d d
d
,
t
T
d d
t
T
,
d
A
e
I
e
I t e
+
+ +
' '
=
+
' ' |
=
+
+ +
' '
=
+
' ' |
= =
-
= = =
-
= - =
RMS
A (0) 175 kA I =
CeneraLor SC Lxample conLd
0.05
2.0
ac
0.05
0.035
ac
0.05
0.2
DC
RMS
Evaluating at t 0.05 seconds Ior breaker opening
1 1 1
1.1 0.24 1.1
(0.05) 1.05
1 1
0.15 0.24
(0.05) 70.8 kA
(0.05) 143 kA 111 k A
(0.05
e
I
e
I
I e
I
+
+ +
' '
=
+
' ' |
=
= - =
2 2
) 70.8 111 132 kA = + =
neLwork aulL Analysls SlmpllflcaLlons
1o slmpllfy analysls of faulL currenLs ln
neLworks well make several slmpllflcaLlons
1 1ransmlsslon llnes are represenLed by Lhelr serles
reacLance
2 1ransformers are represenLed by Lhelr leakage
reacLances
3 Synchronous machlnes are modeled as a
consLanL volLage behlnd dlrecLaxls subLranslenL
reacLance
4 lnducLlon moLors are lgnored or LreaLed as
synchronous machlnes
3 CLher (nonsplnnlng) loads are lgnored
neLwork aulL Lxample
or Lhe followlng neLwork assume a faulL on Lhe
Lermlnal of Lhe generaLor all daLa ls per unlL
excepL for Lhe Lransmlsslon llne reacLance
2
19.5
Convert to per unit: 0.1 per unit
138
100
ine
= =
generaLor has 103
Lermlnal volLage
supplles 100 MvA
wlLh 093 lag pf
neLwork aulL Lxample conLd
aulLed neLwork per unlL dlagram
'
To determine the Iault current we need to Iirst estimate
the internal voltages Ior the generator and motor
For the generator 1.05, 1.0 18.2
1.0 18.2
0.952 18.2 1.103 7.1
1.05
T G
Gen ,
J S
I
= = .
.
+
= = . = .
' '
neLwork aulL Lxample conLd
The motor's terminal voltage is then
1.05 0- (0.9044 - 0.2973) 0.3 1.00 15.8
The motor's internal voltage is
1.00 15.8 (0.9044 - 0.2973) 0.2
1.008 26.6
We can then solve as a linear circuit:
1
1
I
. - = .
. -
= .
=
.103 7.1 1.008 26.6
0.15 0.5
7.353 82.9 2.016 116.6 9.09
. .
+
= . + . =
aulL Analysls SoluLlon 1echnlques
ClrculL models used durlng Lhe faulL allow Lhe
neLwork Lo be represenLed as a llnear clrculL
1here are Lwo maln meLhods for solvlng for faulL
currenLs
1 ulrecL meLhod use prefaulL condlLlons Lo solve for
Lhe lnLernal machlne volLages Lhen apply faulL and
solve dlrecLly
2 SuperposlLlon aulL ls represenLed by Lwo opposlng
volLage sources solve sysLem by superposlLlon
flrsL volLage [usL represenLs Lhe prefaulL operaLlng polnL
second sysLem only has a slngle volLage source
SuperposlLlon Approach
aulLed CondlLlon
LxacL LqulvalenL Lo aulLed CondlLlon
aulL ls represenLed
by Lwo equal and
opposlLe volLage
sources each wlLh
a magnlLude equal
Lo Lhe prefaulL volLage
SuperposlLlon Approach conL'd
Slnce Lhls ls now a llnear neLwork Lhe faulLed volLages
and currenLs are [usL Lhe sum of Lhe prefaulL condlLlons
Lhe (1) componenL and Lhe condlLlons wlLh [usL a slngle
volLage source aL Lhe faulL locaLlon Lhe (2) componenL
refaulL (1) componenL equal Lo Lhe prefaulL
power flow soluLlon
Cbvlous Lhe
prefaulL
faulL currenL"
ls zero!
SuperposlLlon Approach conL'd
aulL (1) componenL due Lo a slngle volLage source
aL Lhe faulL locaLlon wlLh a magnlLude equal Lo Lhe
negaLlve of Lhe prefaulL volLage aL Lhe faulL locaLlon
(1) (2) (1) (2)
(1) (2) (2)
0
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
I I I I I I
I I I I
= + = +
= + = +
1wo 8us SuperposlLlon SoluLlon
I
(1) (1)
(2)
I
(2)
I
(2)
BeIore the Iault we had E 1.05 0 ,
0.952 18.2 and 0.952 18.2
Solving Ior the (2) network we get
E 1.05 0
7
j0.15 j0.15
E 1.05 0
2.1
j0.5 j0.5
7 2.1 9.1
0.952
2
1
I I
I
I
I
I
= .
= . = .
.
= = =
.
= = =
= =
= . 18.2 7 7.35 82.9 = .
1hls maLches
whaL we
calculaLed
earller
LxLenslon Lo Larger SysLems
bus
bus
The superposition approach can be easily extended
to larger systems. Using the we have
For the second (2) system there is only one voltage
source so is all zeros except at the Iault loca
=
'
tion
0
0
1
I
=
|
=
|
|
|
= =
'
i
J J J J
=
=
= +