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LL 369

CWL8 S?S1LM AnAL?SlS


Lecture 18
Iau|t Ana|ys|s
1om Cverbye and koss 8a|d|ck
AnnouncemenLs
8ead ChapLer 7
Pomework 12 ls 1124 71 due 1uesday
november 30
aulL Analysls
1he cause of elecLrlc power sysLem faulLs ls
lnsulaLlon breakdown/compromlse
1hls breakdown can be due Lo a varleLy of
dlfferenL facLors
LlghLnlng lonlzlng alr
Wlres blowlng LogeLher ln Lhe wlnd
Anlmals or planLs comlng ln conLacL wlLh Lhe
wlres
SalL spray or polluLlon on lnsulaLors
aulL 1ypes
1here are Lwo maln Lypes of faulLs
symmeLrlc faulLs sysLem remalns balanced
Lhese faulLs are relaLlvely rare buL are Lhe
easlesL Lo analyze so we'll conslder Lhem flrsL
unsymmeLrlc faulLs sysLem ls no longer
balanced very common buL more dlfflculL Lo
analyze (consldered ln LL 368L)
1he mosL common Lype of faulL on a Lhree
phase sysLem by far ls Lhe slngle llneLo
ground (SLC) followed by Lhe llneLollne
faulLs (LL) double llneLoground (uLC)
faulLs and balanced Lhree phase faulLs
LlghLnlng SLrlke LvenL Sequence
1 LlghLlng hlLs llne seLLlng up an lonlzed paLh Lo
ground
30 mllllon llghLnlng sLrlkes per year ln uS!
a slngle Lyplcal sLroke mlghL have 23000 amps
wlLh a rlse Llme of 10 s dlsslpaLed ln 200 s
mulLlple sLrokes can occur ln a slngle flash causlng
Lhe llghLnlng Lo appear Lo fllcker wlLh Lhe LoLal
evenL lasLlng up Lo a second
2 ConducLlon paLh ls malnLalned by lonlzed alr
afLer llghLnlng sLroke energy has dlsslpaLed
resulLlng ln hlgh faulL currenLs (ofLen 23000
amps!)
LlghLnlng SLrlke Sequence conL'd
3 WlLhln one Lo Lwo cycles (16 ms) relays aL boLh
ends of llne deLecL hlgh currenLs slgnallng
clrculL breakers Lo open Lhe llne
nearby locaLlons see decreased volLages
4 ClrculL breakers open Lo deenerglze llne ln an
addlLlonal one Lo Lwo cycles
breaklng Lens of Lhousands of amps of faulL currenL
ls no small feaL!
wlLh llne removed volLages usually reLurn Lo near
normal
3 ClrculL breakers may reclose afLer several
seconds Lrylng Lo resLore faulLed llne Lo servlce
aulL Analysls
aulL currenLs cause equlpmenL damage due
Lo boLh Lhermal and mechanlcal processes
Coal of faulL analysls ls Lo deLermlne Lhe
magnlLudes of Lhe currenLs presenL durlng
Lhe faulL
need Lo deLermlne Lhe maxlmum currenL Lo
ensure devlces can survlve Lhe faulL
need Lo deLermlne Lhe maxlmum currenL Lhe
clrculL breakers (C8s) need Lo lnLerrupL Lo
correcLly slze Lhe C8s
ClrculL Analysls
1o undersLand faulL analysls we need Lo
revlew Lhe behavlor of an clrculL
( )
2 cos( )
v t
J t
=
+
(noLe LexL uses slnusoldal volLage lnsLead of cos!)
8efore Lhe swlLch ls closed () 0
When Lhe swlLch ls closed aL 0 Lhe currenL wlll
have Lwo componenLs 1) a sLeadysLaLe value
2) a LranslenL value
#

8L ClrculL Analysls conL'd


2 2 2 2
1
1. Steady-state current component (Irom standard
phasor analysis)
Steady-state phasor current magnitude is ,
where ( )
and current phasor angle is , tan ( / )
Corresponding in
,.

J
I

# #
#

=
= + = +
=
ac
stantaneous current is:
2 cos( )
( )

J t
i t

+
=
8L ClrculL Analysls conL'd
1
1
ac dc 1
1
2. Exponentially decaying dc current component
( )
where is the time constant,
The value oI is determined Irom the initial
conditions:
2
(0) 0 ( ) ( ) cos( )
2
t
T
d.
t
T

i t C e

T T
#
C
J
i i t i t t C e

J
C

=
=
= = + = + +
= cos( ) which depends on


1lme varylng currenL
()
Llme
SuperposlLlon of sLeadysLaLe componenL and
exponenLlally decaylng dc offseL
8L ClrculL Analysls conL'd
dc
Z 1
Hence ( ) is a sinusoidal superimposed on a decaying
dc current. The magnitude oI (0) depends on when
the switch is closed. For Iault analysis we're just
2
concerned with the worst case: ,
i t
i
C x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
( ) cos( )
2
( cos( ) )
,. d.
t
T
t
T
J

i t i t i t
J J
i t t e

J
t e

= +
= +
= +
8MS for aulL CurrenL
The interrupting capability oI a circuit breaker is
speciIied in terms oI the RMS current it can interrupt.
2
The Iunction ( ) ( cos( ) ) is
not periodic, so we can't Iormally deIine an RMS value
t
T
J
i t t e


= +
.
However, iI then we can approximate the current
as a sinusoid plus a time-invarying dc oIIset.
The RMS value oI such a current is equal to the
square root oI the sum oI the squares oI the
indivi
T t
dual RMS values oI the two current components.
8MS for aulL CurrenL
2 2
RMS
2
2 2
I ,
2
where , 2 ,
2
This Iunction has a maximum value oI 3 .
ThereIore the worst case eIIect oI the dc
component is included simply by
mu
,. d.
t t
T T
,. d. ,.
t
T
,. ,.
,.
I I
J J
I I e I e

I I e
I

= +
= = =
= +
ltiplying the ac Iault currents by 3.
CeneraLor Modellng uurlng aulLs
uurlng a faulL Lhe only devlces LhaL can
conLrlbuLe faulL currenL are Lhose wlLh energy
sLorage
1hus Lhe models of generaLors (and oLher
roLaLlng machlnes) are very lmporLanL slnce Lhey
conLrlbuLe Lhe bulk of Lhe faulL currenL
CeneraLors can be approxlmaLed as a consLanL
volLage behlnd a Llmevarylng reacLance
'
,

CeneraLor Modellng conL'd

d
'
d
d
The time varying reactance is typically approximated
using three diIIerent values, each valid Ior a diIIerent
time period:
X direct-axis subtransient reactance
X direct-axis transient reactance
X dire
=
=
= ct-axis synchronous reactance
Can then estimate currents using circuit theory:
For example, could calculate steady-state current
that would occur aIter a three-phase short-circuit
iI no circuit breakers interrupt current.
CeneraLor Modellng conL'd
'

'
'
ac
'

For a balanced three-phase Iault on the generator


terminal the ac Iault current is (see page 362)
1 1 1
( ) 2 sin( )
1 1
where
direct-axis su
d
d
t
T
d d
d
,
t
T
d d
d
e

i t t
e

T


+
+ +


' '
= +

+



' ' |
=
'
btransient time constant ( 0.035sec)
direct-axis transient time constant ( 1sec)
d
T

=
CeneraLor Modellng conLd
'

'
'
ac
'
'
DC

The phasor current is then
1 1 1
1 1
The maximum DC oIIset is
2
( )
where is the armature time constant ( 0.2 seconds)
d
d
A
t
T
d d
d
,
t
T
d d
t
T
,
d
A
e

I
e

I t e


+
+ +


' '
=

+



' ' |
=

CeneraLor ShorL ClrculL CurrenLs


CeneraLor ShorL ClrculL CurrenLs
CeneraLor ShorL ClrculL Lxample
A 300 MvA 20 kv 3 ls operaLed wlLh an
lnLernal volLage of 103 pu Assume a solld
3 faulL occurs on Lhe generaLors Lermlnal
and LhaL Lhe clrculL breaker operaLes afLer
Lhree cycles ueLermlne Lhe faulL currenL
Assume
'
'
0.15, 0.24, 1.1 (all per unit)
0.035 seconds, 2.0 seconds
0.2 seconds
d d d
d d
A

T T
T
= = =
= =
=
CeneraLor SC Lxample conLd
2.0
ac
0.035
ac
6
base ac
3
0.2
DC
Substituting in the values
1 1 1
1.1 0.24 1.1
( ) 1.05
1 1
0.15 0.24
1.05
(0) 7 p.u.
0.15
500 10
14, 433 A (0) 101, 000 A
3 20 10
(0) 101 kA 2 143 k
t
t
t
e
I t
e
I
I I
I e

+
+ +


' '
=

+



' ' |
= =
-
= = =
-
= - =
RMS
A (0) 175 kA I =
CeneraLor SC Lxample conLd
0.05
2.0
ac
0.05
0.035
ac
0.05
0.2
DC
RMS
Evaluating at t 0.05 seconds Ior breaker opening
1 1 1
1.1 0.24 1.1
(0.05) 1.05
1 1
0.15 0.24
(0.05) 70.8 kA
(0.05) 143 kA 111 k A
(0.05
e
I
e
I
I e
I

+
+ +


' '
=

+



' ' |
=
= - =
2 2
) 70.8 111 132 kA = + =
neLwork aulL Analysls SlmpllflcaLlons
1o slmpllfy analysls of faulL currenLs ln
neLworks well make several slmpllflcaLlons
1 1ransmlsslon llnes are represenLed by Lhelr serles
reacLance
2 1ransformers are represenLed by Lhelr leakage
reacLances
3 Synchronous machlnes are modeled as a
consLanL volLage behlnd dlrecLaxls subLranslenL
reacLance
4 lnducLlon moLors are lgnored or LreaLed as
synchronous machlnes
3 CLher (nonsplnnlng) loads are lgnored
neLwork aulL Lxample
or Lhe followlng neLwork assume a faulL on Lhe
Lermlnal of Lhe generaLor all daLa ls per unlL
excepL for Lhe Lransmlsslon llne reacLance
2
19.5
Convert to per unit: 0.1 per unit
138
100
ine
= =
generaLor has 103
Lermlnal volLage
supplles 100 MvA
wlLh 093 lag pf
neLwork aulL Lxample conLd
aulLed neLwork per unlL dlagram

'
To determine the Iault current we need to Iirst estimate
the internal voltages Ior the generator and motor
For the generator 1.05, 1.0 18.2
1.0 18.2
0.952 18.2 1.103 7.1
1.05
T G
Gen ,
J S
I
= = .
.
+
= = . = .

' '
neLwork aulL Lxample conLd
The motor's terminal voltage is then
1.05 0- (0.9044 - 0.2973) 0.3 1.00 15.8
The motor's internal voltage is
1.00 15.8 (0.9044 - 0.2973) 0.2
1.008 26.6
We can then solve as a linear circuit:
1
1


I
. - = .
. -
= .
=
.103 7.1 1.008 26.6
0.15 0.5
7.353 82.9 2.016 116.6 9.09

. .
+
= . + . =
aulL Analysls SoluLlon 1echnlques
ClrculL models used durlng Lhe faulL allow Lhe
neLwork Lo be represenLed as a llnear clrculL
1here are Lwo maln meLhods for solvlng for faulL
currenLs
1 ulrecL meLhod use prefaulL condlLlons Lo solve for
Lhe lnLernal machlne volLages Lhen apply faulL and
solve dlrecLly
2 SuperposlLlon aulL ls represenLed by Lwo opposlng
volLage sources solve sysLem by superposlLlon
flrsL volLage [usL represenLs Lhe prefaulL operaLlng polnL
second sysLem only has a slngle volLage source
SuperposlLlon Approach
aulLed CondlLlon
LxacL LqulvalenL Lo aulLed CondlLlon
aulL ls represenLed
by Lwo equal and
opposlLe volLage
sources each wlLh
a magnlLude equal
Lo Lhe prefaulL volLage
SuperposlLlon Approach conL'd
Slnce Lhls ls now a llnear neLwork Lhe faulLed volLages
and currenLs are [usL Lhe sum of Lhe prefaulL condlLlons
Lhe (1) componenL and Lhe condlLlons wlLh [usL a slngle
volLage source aL Lhe faulL locaLlon Lhe (2) componenL
refaulL (1) componenL equal Lo Lhe prefaulL
power flow soluLlon
Cbvlous Lhe
prefaulL
faulL currenL"
ls zero!
SuperposlLlon Approach conL'd
aulL (1) componenL due Lo a slngle volLage source
aL Lhe faulL locaLlon wlLh a magnlLude equal Lo Lhe
negaLlve of Lhe prefaulL volLage aL Lhe faulL locaLlon
(1) (2) (1) (2)
(1) (2) (2)
0

2 2 2
1 1 1 1
I I I I I I
I I I I
= + = +
= + = +
1wo 8us SuperposlLlon SoluLlon
I
(1) (1)
(2)
I
(2)
I
(2)
BeIore the Iault we had E 1.05 0 ,
0.952 18.2 and 0.952 18.2
Solving Ior the (2) network we get
E 1.05 0
7
j0.15 j0.15
E 1.05 0
2.1
j0.5 j0.5
7 2.1 9.1
0.952

2
1

I I
I
I
I
I
= .
= . = .
.
= = =
.
= = =
= =
= . 18.2 7 7.35 82.9 = .
1hls maLches
whaL we
calculaLed
earller
LxLenslon Lo Larger SysLems
bus
bus
The superposition approach can be easily extended
to larger systems. Using the we have
For the second (2) system there is only one voltage
source so is all zeros except at the Iault loca
=

'
tion
0
0
1
I


=



|

Powever Lo use Lhls


approach we need Lo
flrsL deLermlne

ueLermlnaLlon of aulL CurrenL


bus
1
bus bus
(2)
1
(2)
11 1 2
(2)
1
1
(2)
(1)
I
DeIine the bus impedance matrix as
0
Then
0
For a Iault a bus i we get -I
-:8
n
1
n nn
n
n
ii 1 i
J
J
I

J
J
J J

=



|



|

|
= =

'

ueLermlnaLlon of aulL CurrenL


(1)
(1) (2) (1)
Hence
Where
driving point impedance
( ) transIer point imepdance
Voltages during the Iault are also Iound by superposition
are preIault values
i
1
ii
ii
i
i i i i
J
I

i
J J J J
=
=
= +

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