Software Concepts

Chapter

8
Software Concepts

Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

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Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Types of software
1. 2. 3. System software Application software Utility software.

Programming languages
A programming language consists of words, symbols and usage rules pertaining to the grammar that permits people to communicate with the computer.

Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

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Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Classification of programming languages

Machine Languages Machine language is the lowest form of computer language. Machine language has two parts: 1. Op-code

2.
1. 2.

Operand
Arithmetic Controlled

Machine level language can be divided into four categories:

3.
4.

Input/output
Direct use
Cont.
Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

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Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Symbolic/Assembly Languages Assembly language has many of the same features to control registers etc. Advantages of Assembly Languages i. ii. iii. i ii They save time and reduce detail as compared to machine language. Lesser number of errors are made, and also errors are easier to detect. Assembly programs are easier to modify than machine language programs. Writing a code is time-consuming. Assembly languages are machine-dependent.

Disadvantages of Assembly Languages

High Level Languages

High level language programs may be used with different makes of computers with little modification. High level languages are easier to learn than symbolic Cont. languages.
Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

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Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

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Excel Books

Software Concepts

Classification of High Level Languages High level languages are sometimes classified as Procedure oriented languages Problem oriented languages, and Interactive programming languages

Fourth Generation Languages

A 4GL tool interacts with a DBMS (Database Management System) software to store, manipulate and retrieve the data required to satisfy user requirement. Object Oriented Languages Object Oriented Programming (OOPS) became a major consideration in software development. Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke
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Software Concepts

Language Translator Programs

Translation programs are known by various names: i. ii. iii. Assemblers Interpreter Compilers

Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

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Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Generators
The generator is a routine that performs a creative function: for example, a report generator, a program generator.

The Editor
The editor is the most often used systems program. All source programs for assemblers and compilers are typically written with the editor.

The Loader
The loader is a short simple program that is used to load a program into the computers memory.

Program Library
A library is a collection of programs which can be searched by a linking loader for requested programs.
Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

8 7

Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Software Qualities
i. External vs Internal Qualities ii. Product vs Process Qualities Representative Qualities 1. Correctness, Reliability, and Robustness 2. Performance 3. User-friendliness 4. Verifiability 5. Maintainability 6. Reusability 7. Portability 8. Understandability 9. Productivity 10. Timeliness 11. Visibility
Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

8 8

Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books

Software Concepts

Computer Files
When we examine the way we do our office work, we discover that data or information is either written by us on paper or is received on a paper by us. Types of Computer Files Depending on the computer application and its design, computer files are normally of the following types:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Master Files Transaction Files Program Files Backup Files Specialized Files

Types of Processing 1. Batch Processing 2. Real Time Processing

8 9

Copyright 2008, Deepak Bharihoke

Fundamental of Information Technology Edition (3)

Deepak Bharihoke

Excel Books