DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

By Engr. Ramon A. Alguidano Jr.

Digital signal processing and its benefits

Type of signals of particular interest are Speech Biomedical signals Sound and music Video and image Radar signals

 Key advantages of DSP

Guaranteed Accuracy Perfect reproducibility No drift in the performance with temperature change Greater reliability Greater flexibility Superior performance DSP offers the only viable options if the data is in digital form.

 Disadvantages
Speed and cost Design time Finite wordlenght problems

Application Areas
Image processing
Pattern recognition Robotic vision Image enhancement Facsimile Satellite weather map Animation

 Instrumentation/control
Spectrum analysis Position and rate control Noise reduction Data compression

 Speech and Audio

Speech recognition Speech synthesis Text to speech Digital audio Equalization

 Military
Secure communication Radar processing Sonar processing Missile guidance

 Telecommunication
Echo cancellation Adaptive equalization ADPCM transcoders Spread spectrum Video conferencing Data communication

 Biomedical
Patient monitoring Scanner EEG brain mappers ECG analysis X-ray storage/enhancement

 Key DSP operation

Convolution Correlation
Cross correlation function Autocorrelation functions

Filtering Discrete transform

Modulation
The Process of modulation often involves varying property of a high frequency signal, known as the carrier, in sympathy with the signal we wish to transmit or store, called the modulating signal. The three most commonly used digital modulation schemes.
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) FSK (Frequency Shift keying) When digital data is transmitted over all digital network, PCM (pulse code modulation is commonly used.

Overview of real-time signal processing

Typical real time signal processing

Figure 1. Block diagram of a real time DSP

 Analog-to-digital conversion process

Sampling Quantizing Encoding

 Sampling
Converting the analogue signal into discrete-time continuous analog signal. Sampling theorem
Fs2 f(max)
FS=sampling frequency f(max)=highest frequency component in a signal

Quantizing Giving off values of the sampled signal

Encoding The discrete amplitude levels are represented by the distinct binary words.

 Quantization and encoding

For ADC with B binary digits the number of quantization levels is 2B and the interval between the levels, that is the quantization step size, q. q=Vfs/(2B-1) q=2A/2B Where: Vfs=full scale voltage A= amplitude B=number of bits The quantization noise power, Pq, or variance, , is given by Pq=2=q2/12 The signal-to-quantization noise power ratio (SQNR), in decibels, is SQNR=6.02B+1.76

Digital-to-analog conversion process: signal recovery

The digital-to-analog conversion process is employed to convert the digital signal into analogue form after it has been digitally processed, transmitted and stored.

Figure 2. Block diagram of the DAC

 Digital signal processors

Built-in hardware multiplier (s) to allow fast multiplications. Separate busses/memories for program and data which permits an overlap of instruction fetch and execution (Harvard architecture). Cycle-saving instructions for branching or looping. Very fast raw speed. Use pipelining which reduces instruction time and increase speed.

 Constraints of real time signal processing

Limited number of bits High resolution ADC and DAC are in general slow. The ADC and DAC are subject to a variety of other errors includes
Temperature effects non linearities

Constraints of real time signal processing Image frequencies Aliasing errors Reduces high frequency components of a signal Anti-aliasing filter errors Sample and hold errors Newer devices exploit the advantages of multirate techniques.