Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

MSIY
Jose R. Villa
©2007
 Geostatiscal reservoir modeling
(GSLIB, SGeMS, SReM)

Reservoir simulation + IPM

(ECLIPSE100, PRiSMa)

Well location, type and trajectory optimization

(PRiSMa-O)

Uncertainty assessment
(EED)
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling
Contents

• Introduction
• Statistical concepts
• Spatial continuity
• Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
• Porosity and permeability modeling
Workflow for Reservoir Modeling

Caers, J., Introduction to Geostatistics for Reservoir Characterization, Stanford University, 2006 (modified)
Data for Reservoir Modeling

Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002

Geostatistics

• Branch of applied statistics that places emphasis on

– The geological context of the data
– The spatial relationship of the data
– Integration of data with different support volume and scales

• Indispensable part of reservoir management since

reservoir models are required for planning,
economics and decision making process

• Provides a numerical description of reservoir

heterogeneity for:
– Estimation of reserves
– Field management and optimization
– Uncertainty assessment
Reservoir Modeling (1)
Reservoir Modeling (2.1)
Reservoir Modeling (2.2)
Modeling Scale

Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005

Model Building

Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005

Uncertainty

Caers, J., Petroluem Geostatistics, Society of Petoroluem Engineers, 2005

Role of Geostatistics

• Tool for building a reservoir model using all

available reservoir and well data allowing a
realistic representation of geology
• Links the static and dynamic reservoir model
• Framework for uncertainty assessment
Application of Geostatistics

• Data integration
– Well and seismic data
– Co-variable (porosity and permeability)
– Tendencies
• High-resolution reservoir models for flow
simulation
• Uncertainty assessment
– Volumetrics
– Recoverable reserves
Further Readings

Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

Clayton Deutsch
Oxford University Press

GSLIB: A Geostatistical Software Library

Clayton Deutsch and Andre Journel
Oxford University Press

Introduction to Applied Geostatistics

Ed Isaaks and Mohan Srivastava
Oxford University Press

Petroleum Geostatistics
Jef Caers
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Contents

• Introduction
• Statistical concepts
• Spatial continuity
• Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling
Exploratory Data Analysis

• Definitions
– Population
– Sample

• Data preparation and quality check

• Decision of stationarity
Probability Distributions

• Variable: a measure (φ, k, i) which can assume any of

the prescribed set of values
– Continuous (z): φ, k
– Categorical (ik=0,1; k=category): facies

• Random variable Z: a random variable whose

outcome (z) is unknown but its frequency of outcome
is quantified by a random function

• Random function: describes/models the variability or

uncertainty of unknown true values (outcomes),
either as cumulative (CDF) or density (PDF)
distribution model
– RF is location and information dependent
Probability Distributions – cdf

F ( z )  FZ ( z )  Prob{Z  z }

F ( z )  [0,1]
F (  )  0, F (  )  1
Prob{Z  (a, b )}  Prob{Z  b}  Prob{Z  a}
Prob{Z  (a, b )}  F (b )  F (a )
Probability Distributions – pdf

F ( z  dz )  F ( z )
f ( z )  F '( z )  lim
dz 0 dz

f (z)  0
z

 f ( x )dx  F (z)  Prob{Z  z}




 f (z )dz  1

Expected Value and Variance

• Expected value: the actual mean of a population

∞
E {Z } = m = ∑ zf ( z )dz
−∞

• Variance: measure of spread of a random variable

from the expected value

var{Z } = σ = E {( Z − E {Z } ) } = E {Z 2 } − m 2
2 2
Mean and variance (1)

• Sample
1 n
z = ∑ zi
n i =1
1 n
s = ∑ zi − z
2

n i =1
(
2
)

• Population

m = E {Z }
σ = E {( Z − m ) }
2 2
Mean and variance (2)
Distributions

• Parametric
– Uniform
– Exponential
– Normal standard
– Normal
– Lognormal
• Non-parametric
– Experimental, inferred by data (histograms)
Uniform Distribution
 1
 z  [a,b]
f (z )   b  a
 0 z  [a,b]
 0 z  a
z  za

F ( z )  Prob{Z  z }   f (z)dz   ba
z  [a,b]
 
 1 z  b

ab
m  E {Z } 
2
b
1 1 2
E {Z } 
2

b  a a
z 2
dz  
3
a  ab  b 2

 b  a
2

 =Var{Z }  E {Z }  m
2 2 2

12
Exponential Distribution

1  az
f (z)  e z>0
a
z
1  
z z
1  ax x

z
F ( z )   f ( x )dx   e dx   ae 
a
 1 e a
z>0
0
a0 a  0

m  E {Z }  a
 z  z
1  
E {Z }  ze dz  2  ze dz  2a 2
2 2 a a
a 0 0

 =Var{Z }  E {Z }  m  2a 2  a 2  a 2
2 2 2
Normal Standard Distribution
2
1  za
f (z)  e z  ( ,  )
2
2
z z x
1 
F ( z )   f ( x )dx   e a dx z  ( ,  )
0 2 0

m  E {Z }  0
 2 =Var{Z }  1

 0
Z N
 1
Normal Distribution

 z m  2
1 
f (z)  e 2 2
z  ( ,  )
 2
 z  x m  2
1 
F (z)   f (z )dz  
 2
e

2 2
dx z  ( ,  )

m  E {Z }  m
 2 =Var{Z }   2

 m
Z N
 
2

Z m  0
Y N
  1
Lognormal Distribution
- ln z   m 
2

1
f (z)  e 2 2
z  0
z 2
- ln x   m 
2

z z 2 2
1 e
F ( z )   f ( x )dx   dx z  0
0  2 0
x

2

m  E {Z }  e 2

 2 =Var{Z }  m 2 e   1  2

 m
Z  0  log N 
 
2

 
Y  Ln  Z   N  2
 
Histograms
Quantiles and Probability Intervals (1)

• Quantile: is a z-value that corresponds to a

fixed cumulative frequency. For example, the
0.5 quantile (median or q(0.5)) is the z-value
that separates the data into two equally
halves.
– Lower quantile: q(0.25)
– Upper quantile: q(0.75)
– Interquantile range: IQR = q(0.75) - q(0.25)
Quantiles and Probability Intervals (2)
q( p )  z
F (q( p ))  Prob{Z  q( p )}  p  [0,1]

p=

q(p)
Q-Q Plots (1)

• Tool for comparing two different distributions

• Plot of matching p-quantile values q1(p) vs.
q2(p) from the two different distributions
Q-Q Plots (2)
Q-Q Plots (3)

data 2
m2  m1
data 1

 22   12
data 2

data 1

pdf2  pdf1
data 2

data 1
Monte Carlo Simulation
• Generate a set of uniform random numbers p (random number generator)
• Retrieve for each such number p, the quantile q of the cdf
• The set of values qp are called “samples drawn from the distribution F
• The histogram of these qp values match the cdf F

zp
Data Transformation (1)

• Transform distribution of a dataset into

another distribution

• Applications
– Well-log porosity to core porosity if the latter is
deemed more reliable
– Simulation results into a specific target distribution
– Transformation into known analytical models
(Gaussian or normal score transform)
Data Transformation (2)

Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002

Data Transformation (3)

2
1 z m 
1  
2  
f (z)  e 

 2

Deutsch, C., Geostatiscal Reservoir Modeling, Oxford University Press, 2002

Contents

• Introduction
• Statistical concepts
• Spatial continuity
• Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
• Porosity and permeability modeling
 Spatial Correlation

Distancia (ft) Permeabilidad (md)

50 11.75
100 4.09
150 3.05
. .
. .
. .
6400 12.02
Contents

• Introduction
• Statistical concepts
• Spatial continuity
• Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
• Porosity and permeability modeling
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
• Porosity and permeability modeling
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
• Porosity and permeability modeling
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Statistical concepts
3. Spatial continuity
4. Estimation
– Kriging
5. Simulation
– Sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS)
6. Facies modeling
– Sequential indicator simulation (SIS)
– Fluvial modeling
7. Porosity and permeability modeling