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F = -kx
k a
m
O
x
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 5
Frequency ( f ): the number of cycles in a unit of time.
Units of frequency is
1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 cycle/s = 1 s-1
Angular frequency ( ω ): 2π times of frequency
ω = 2π.f
By this definition we can regard 1 cycle of oscillation
corresponds to the angle 2π radians, so units of angular
frequency is rad / s
The formulas which relate T, f , ω:
f = 1/ T; T = 1/ f
ω = 2π.f = 2π / T
|OM | = A
dx
= ωB cos ( ωt ) − ωC sin( ωt )
dt
d2x
2
= − ω 2
B sin ( ω t ) − ω 2
C cos ( ω t ) = − ω 2
x
dt
= C cos(ωt) + B sin(ωt)
It works!
T = 2π / ω
−2π −π π 2π θ
A
−2π −π π 2π θ
φ=
−π/2
−2π −π π 2π θ
= A sin(ωt)!
−2π −π π 2π θ
● Just that the amplitude and phase are both able to be set
● The phase relates to the initial conditions of oscillation
(this relation will be considered below)
xMAX = A
vMAX = ωA
dx ( t )
v( t ) =
aMAX = ω2A dt
dv ( t )
k a( t ) =
m dt
0 x
x(t)
(a)
(c)
t
(b)
a<0 a<0
v<0 x(t) v>0
(a)
(c)
t
(b)
a>0 The answer is (c).
v>0
So φ = - π/2
θ
π 2π
k cos sin
m
0 x
A x(t)
ωt
π 2π
k
m -A
0 x
● If you added the two sinusoidal waves shown in the top plot,
what would the result look like?
1.00
0.50
1000
500
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900
0.00
0
-0.50
-1.00
0.60
0.40
0.20
(a)
1000
500
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900
0.00
0
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
2.00
1.50
1.00
(b)
0.50
1000
500
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900
0.00
0
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.6
0.4
(c) 0.2
1000
100
200
700
300
400
500
600
800
900
0
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
φ
where b=
2
φ
a = 2 cos
2
2 2
k
Recall that ω= we can obtain
m
1
E= kA2 = constant
2
The total mechanical energy of body in SHM is conserved
and proportional to the square of amplitude
θ ( t ) = θ MAX cos( ωt + φ )
m
This ω is the angular frequency
mg
θ3 θ5 θ2 θ4
sin θ = θ − + − ... and cos θ = 1 − + − ...
3! 5 ! 2! 4!
dt 2
τ I α θ L
d 2θ g
= −ω 2
θ where ω=
dt 2 L
m
Differential equation for simple harmonic motion! d
mg
θ = θ 0 cos(ωt + φ)
2π L
Since T = T = 2π
ω g
θ
xCM
L
mg
(a) T1 = T2
(b) T1 > T2
(c) T1 < T2
L2
L1
T1 T2
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 33
Example 2:
LS
LR
3 2
(a) LS = LR (b) LS = LR (c) LS = LR
2 3
2
Mg
d θ MgR
= −ω 2 θ where ω=
dt 2 I
θ = θ0 cos(ωt + φ)
pivot (nail)
g
(a) ω=
D
2g
(b) ω= D
D
(c) g
ω=
2D
d 2x k d 2x k b dx
= − x 2
=− x−
dt 2
m dt m m dt
ωd = ω0 = k / m
ω0 = k / m ωd
This phenomena is called resonance.
● Note that in waves, the medium itself does not travel. Particles
of the medium undergo only motions around their equilibrium
waves transport energy, but not matter, from one region to
another.
● Propagation of mechanical oscillations in medium is called
mechanical wave. There are also nonmechanical waves, such
as electromagnetic waves (radio waves, light). E-M waves can
propagate in empty space.
v
● And “pulse trains” which are
somewhere in between.
v
λ
v=
T
● λ =vT or λ = 2π v / ω (since T = 2π / ω )
or λ = v / f (since T = 1 / f )
●
● Recall f = cycles/sec or revolutions/sec
ω = rad/sec = 2πf
Waves on a string...
Suppose:
● The tension in the string is F
● The mass per unit length of the string is µ (kg/m)
● The shape of the string at the pulse’s maximum is
circular and has radius R
µ R
θ θ
F F
FNET = 2F θ
y
m = R 2θ µ
θ θ
2θ
R
R
y
F
F = µv 2 v=
µ
tension F
mass per unit length µ
tension F
mass per unit length µ
● The speed of sound in air is a bit over 300 m/s, and the speed of
light in air is about 300,000,000 m/s.
● Suppose we make a sound wave and a light wave that both
have a wavelength of 3 meters.
➧ What is the ratio of the frequency of the light wave to that of
the sound wave?
v
So f =
λ
v light
Since λ is the same in both cases, and ≅ 1,000,000
v sound
flight
≅ 1,000,000
fsound
v 300 m s
For sound having λ = 3m : f = ≈ = 100 Hz (bass hum)
λ 3m
v 3 ×10 8 m s
For light having λ = 3m : f = ≈ = 100 MHz (FM radio)
λ 3m
x
0
y
● f(x - a) is just the same shape moved
a distance a to the right:
x
0 x=a
y
● Let a = vt Then v
f(x - vt) will describe the same
shape moving to the right with
speed v. x
0 x = vt
2π
y ( x , t ) = A cos ( x − vt )
λ
y ( x , t ) = A cos ( kx − ωt )
y λ
● The formula y ( x , t ) = A cos ( kx − ωt )
describes a harmonic wave of A
amplitude A moving in the x
+x direction.
2π
y ( x, t ) = A cos ( x − vt )
λ
2π
y ( x, t ) = A cos ( x − vt )
λ
● How much energy is moving down the string per unit time.
(i.e. how much power?)
You are clearly doing work since F.dr > 0 as your hand
●
θ
Power P = F.v x
F
v
P ( x , t ) = µvω2 A 2 sin 2 ( kx − ωt )
cos ( kx − ωt )
sin 2 ( kx − ωt )
P ( x, t ) = µvω2 A2 sin2 ( kx − ωt )
Pmax = µ v ω2 A2
● We are often just interested in the average power flowing past
location x. Recall that the average value of the function
sin2 (kx - ωt) is 1/2 and find that:
1
P = µ v ω2 A2
2
f(t)
f
T t
t1 t2
2 2π
T
1 1
∫
T 0
sin
T
t + α
dt =
2
1
● We found that P = µω2 A2v
2
dE 1 dx 1
= µω2 A2 dE = µω2 A2 dx
dt 2 dt 2
dE 1
So = µω2 A2 is the average energy per unit length.
dx 2
f = 2 Hz λ = 0.75 m
A = 0.15 m
● So: 1 kg m
( 2π ⋅ 2 Hz ) ( 0.15 m )
2 2
P = 0 . 2 1 . 5
2 m s
● So: dE 1 kg
( 2 π ⋅ 2 Hz ) ( 015
. m)
2 2
= 0.2
dx 2 m
dE
= 0.355 J/m
dx
2
kg m
F = µv 2 = 0.2 1.5
m s
y λ
A
x
y ( x , t ) = A cos ( kx − ωt ) F
tension
v=
µ mass / length
2π 2π 1
k= ω = 2 πf = P =
µvω2 A2
λ T 2
ω
v = λf = dE 1
= µω2 A2
k dx 2
In a sinusoidal wave: