Introduction To IT

Lecture 01

By Malik M Ali

Marks Distribution
First Hourly Second Hourly Final Exam 15 Marks 15 Marks 35 Marks

Quizzes
Class Participation

10 Marks (5)
05 Marks

Reading Assign (Presentation) Course Assignment

10 Marks 10 Marks

The father of computer

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) Designed Analytical Engine (1833)

First digital general purpose computer Mechanical programmable computer Can do computations, decision making, had input, storage, processor/mill and output. Contains all theoretical components of modern computers Can give output via print out, can store information in the form of punched cards

Lady Ada The Countess Of Lovelace (1815 1852)

Regarded as worlds first computer programmer Died of cancer at the age of 36 In 1970s US Department Of Defence designed a new programming language and gave it the name Ada in her honour.

What are computers good at?

Very fast at calculations Can do repetitive tasks without getting bored with 100% accuracy Dont forget and have huge storage compared to humans. One can store millions and millions of books in just one computer.

What are computers not good at?

Pattern recognition Can not pull data out of their storage instantly Can not come up with innovative new ideas. We give ideas to computer and they process our requests at very high speeds 1997 deep blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov who is considered the best chess expert of All Times in the history of man kind. The match was controversial !!!

Some Key events in computing

1904 invention of vacuum tube by John Fleming 1936 Advent of Turing machine. A theoretical computing machine. Proposed by Sir Alan Turing. Able to solve many computing problems. The idea of Turing Test 1939 ABC (The Attanasoff Berry computer) Although it was a general purpose computer but mainly used for solving simultaneous linear equations. The first electronic computer built ever.

Some Key events in computing

1946 ENIAC Electronic digital computer Built for US department of Defense Used 19000 vacuum tubes Weighed approximately 30 tonnes Size is 9/80 feet 150 kilo watt electricity required 1950 Invention of floppy disk Invented by Imperial University Of Tokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats

Some Key events in computing

1952 Grace Hopper invented compiler 1975 Altair 8800 The first personal computer

used intel 8080 microprocessor Used 256 bytes memory 1976 Cray 1 The first super computer 167 million operations per second 1981 IBM PC (along with DOS Operating system)

Some Key events in computing

1984 Apple Machintosh was introduced. The first user friendly machine which used mouse along with the key board for input.

Generations

First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes 1939-1956 Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes as they were Smaller in size More reliable Cheaper Less power required

Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computers: Microprocessors (1971 to date) Fifth Generation Computers: Which thing is going to replace transistors???

Classification Of Computers

Mobile computers Micro computers Mini computers/Servers Mainframe computers Super computers

Classification Of Computers

Mobile computers

Lap top computers/note books Palm top computers/PDAs Wearable computers

Desktop Systems Workstations

Micro computer

Classification Of Computers

Mini Computers/Servers:

Almost Vanished Servers are used instead of mini computers Memory is in Giga bytes Storage in Terabytes

Classification Of Computers

Mainframe computers:

Enterprise servers used by multiple people with multiple tasks. Highly reliable Dont need to switch off while upgrade

Classification Of Computers

Super Computers:

Consists on the best technology available at the time Able to do extremely complex tasks Able to focus all of their recourses and capabilities to solve a given problem Have several thousand microprocessors connected on their boards.

Essential components of computing

Software System software Application software Hardware Input Processor Memory Storage Output Bus

Chapter 1A

Introducing Computer Systems

The Computer Defined

Electronic device Converts data into information Modern computers are digital

Two digits combine to make data A range of values made data

Older computers were analog

Computers For Individual Use

Desktop computers

The most common type of computer Sits on the desk or floor Performs a variety of tasks
Specialized computers Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop

Workstations

Computers For Individual Use

Notebook computers

Small portable computers Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds About 8 by 11 inches Typically as powerful as a desktop

Computers For Individual Use

Tablet computers

Newest development in portable computers Input is through a pen Run specialized versions of office products

Computers For Individual Use

Handheld computers

Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) Note taking or contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access

Smart phones

Computers For Organizations

Network servers

Centralized computer All other computers connect Provides access to network resources Multiple servers are called server farms Often simply a powerful desktop

Computers For Organizations

Mainframes

Used in large organizations Handle thousands of users Users access through a terminal

Computers For Organizations

Minicomputers

Called midrange computers Power between mainframe and desktop Handle hundreds of users Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal

Computers For Organizations

Supercomputers

The most powerful computers made Handle large and complex calculations Process trillions of operations per second Found in research organizations

Computers In Society

More impact than any other invention

Changed work and leisure activities

Provide information to users Information is critical to our society Managing information is difficult

Computers are important because:

Computers In Society

Computers at home

Many homes have multiple computers Most American homes have Internet Computers are used for

Business Entertainment Communication Education

Computers In Society

Computers in education

Computer literacy required at all levels

Makes businesses more profitable Allows owners to manage Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated

Computers in small business

Computers in industry

Computers In Society

Computers in government

Necessary to track data for population

Police officers Tax calculation and collection

Governments were the first computer users

Computers In Society

Computers in health care

Revolutionized health care New treatments possible Scheduling of patients has improved Delivery of medicine is safer

Chapter 1B

Looking Inside the Computer System

Parts of the Computer System

Computer systems have four parts

Hardware Software Data User

Parts of the Computer System

Hardware

Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched

Tell the computer what to do Also called a program Thousands of programs exist

Software

Parts of the Computer System

Data

Pieces of information Computer organize and present data

People operating the computer Most important part Tell the computer what to do

Users

Information Processing Cycle

Steps followed to process data Input Processing Output Storage

Essential Computer Hardware

Computers use the same basic hardware Hardware categorized into four types

Essential Computer Hardware

Processing devices

Brains of the computer Carries out instructions from the program Manipulate the data Most computers have several processors Central Processing Unit (CPU) Secondary processors Processors made of silicon and copper

Essential Computer Hardware

Memory devices

Stores data or programs Random Access Memory (RAM)

Volatile Stores current data and programs More RAM results in a faster system Permanent storage of programs Holds the computer boot directions

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Essential Computer Hardware

Input and output devices

Allows the user to interact Input devices accept data

Keyboard, mouse Monitor, printer, speaker

Output devices deliver data

Some devices are input and output

Touch screens

Essential Computer Hardware

Storage devices

Hold data and programs permanently Different from RAM Magnetic storage

Floppy and hard drive Uses a magnet to access data CD and DVD drives Uses a laser to access data

Optical storage

Difference b/w storage & memory

There is more room in storage than in memory Contents are retained in storage when computer is turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory disappear when you shut down the computer Storage devices operate much slower than memory chips Storage is much cheaper than memory

Software Runs The Machine

Tells the computer what to do Reason people purchase computers Two types

System software Application software

Software Runs The Machine

System software

Most important software Operating system

Windows XP Windows Server 2003

Network operating system (OS)

Utility

Symantec AntiVirus

Software Runs The Machine

Application software

Accomplishes a specific task Most common type of software

Word processing softwares Spreadsheets Database management softwares Presentation softwares Graphics programs Entertainment & education software

Covers most common uses of computers

Computer data

Fact with no meaning on its own Stored using the binary number system Data can be organized into files File: a file is a set of data that has been given a name. A file that the user can open and use is often called a document.

Computer users

Role depends on ability

Setup the system Install software Mange files Maintain the system
Run with no user input Automated systems

Userless computers