Work Measurement/Design

Work Design or Work System Design

Systematic investigation of study and present

work systems in order to formulate, through the ideal system concept, the easiest and most effective systems and methods for achieving the necessary functions/goals/ purposes .
Work design is the study and design of a work

system in an organization context.

Work Measurement/Design
Total organization system performance has a much

broader focus in that it address more performance criteria than just efficiency. Work measurement/design in the workplace has a narrow focus in that it addresses efficiency, primarily. Total organizational system performance is concerned with the collection of individuals organized to accomplish a purpose . Work measurement/design concerns itself with the individual person and the persons interaction with his or her environment.

Work Study

Work Study
generic term for management services and system

engineering techniques, used to investigate methods of performing work (method study) and improve its efficiency and economy. the time taken to do it (work measurement) with a view to rationalization, routinisation, utilization, cost and incentive improvement.
the worker-work system-technology relationship: how

this is best designed and improved.

 Work

Study is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as to improve the effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities carried out.

A Work Study will consist of the following two main

components Method Study Time Study - Work Measurement

 1)METHOD STUDY :-

To find the best method of operation, making full use of all resources available.
2)WORK MEASUREMENT :-

To find the time required to carry out the operation at a defined level of activity.

Method Study
The systematic recording and critical examination of ways

of doing things in order to make improvements is known as Method Study. The purpose of a Method Study is: Analyze methods of Work . Gain insight in how work is performed. Document methods of work - create Work Instructions. Improve Methods of Work or detect potential for improvements. Enable planning by providing Data.. Disable possible hazards and dangers to safety. Provide information for Time Studies, development for equipment, wage calculation and incentive Schemes.

The benefits from a Method Study will be

Better understanding of work performed
Improved operator performance More safety less risks from hazards for health and

assets

Procedure
For a Method Study the following will be done:

A specific job will be chosen to be examined. The current performance of the job is observed, facts are recorded and documented. Important features are taken into consideration: Activities performed Operators involved Equipment and tools used Materials processed or moved

 The job is then examined and its components are

challenged on their feasibility and necessity (purpose, place, sequence, method).

After this alternative methods are developed,

documented and the most suitable will be selected, becoming the base for the new Work Instructions.
Operators will be trained on those new Work

Instructions.
Control procedures to measure the

performance, as well as preventing drifting back to previous methods of work will also be introduced.

Recording techniques are

1)outline process chart 2)flow process chart a) material b)man type c)equipment type 3)Two handed process chart 4)Multipal activity chart

Process Chart
The Process Chart provides a visual representation of

steps in a process. It is also referred to Flow Charts or Process Mapping or Flow Diagrams. Constructing a process chart is one of the initial activities of a process improvement. It consists of the following benefits. A clear picture about the process Helps to identify non value added operations. Helps to work in a team and develop communication Keeps everyone on the same page.

Process symbols
The different kinds of process chart share a common

core set of symbols, though some have additional symbols for specific and specialized process steps. The common symbols (of which there are only five) were first promulgated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and have become known as the ASME symbols.

Symbols for Flow-Process Chart

Operation (a task or work activity) Inspection (an inspection of the product for
quantity or quality)

Transportation (a movement of material from

one point to another)

Storage (an inventory or storage of materials

awaiting the next operation)

Delay (a delay in the sequence of operations)

7-20

Outline Process Chart

In records principle operations and inspection of the processes.

A process chart giving an overall picture by recording

in sequence only the main operations and inspections

1)outline process chart

The simplest form of process chart is known as an

outline process chart and records an overview or outline of a process. Only those steps of a process that can be represented by the ASME symbols of operation and inspection are recorded. An outline process chart is often a useful first step to identify key areas of concern before recording (part of) the process in more detail.

 A flow process chart is a process chart which shows the

sequence of flow of all activities which occur while producing a product/component or executing a procedure. The flow process chart can be classified into three types as listed below.

- How process chart (Material type) - Flow process chart (Man type) - How process chart (Equipment type)

 Among all the five symbols (Operation, Transport,

Delay, Inspection and Storage), operation and inspection are considered to be productive activities. The steps for improvement through flow process chart are presented below.

Flow Process Chart

It helps in setting out the sequence of the flow of a product or a procedure by recording all events under review using appropriate process chart symbols. It covers symbols for operation, inspection, storage, delay and transportation. process chart is setting out the sequence of flow of a product or a procedure by recording all events under review using appropriate process chart-symbols. This chart gives a record of all events associated with the worker.

Application
Generally used as a principal means of recording work methods . Helps to understand the overall nature of the system being studied . Helps to eliminate flow patterns that are not suitable . Helps to eliminate costly errors by analyzing the material flow . Helps to locate and size passageway appropriate for product handled Helps to avoid backtracking of the material . Helps to identify the possibility of combining operations by grouping different

machines or operations to avoid handling, storage, and delays useful.

Helps to decide whether product flow or process flow layout of factory will be

 Two-Handed Process Flow Chart individually shows

the movement of each hand in a manual process. It is typically used when analyzing a manual assembly process, to help make it easier to perform.

Operations Chart (Left Hand/Right Hand

Left Hand
Present Method Symbol Symbol
1 Reach for bolt 2 Grasp bolt 3 Hold bolt 4 Hold bolt
D D D D D D

Right Hand
Present Method
Idle Idle Reach for washer Assemble

D D

= operation; = transport; = inspect; D = delay; = storage

Multiple Activity Chart

In those operations involving the combination of a person and a machine, a person and several machines, or any combination of people and machines where delays are prevalent, the multiple activity chart provides a convenient technique for analyzing the combined activity. Very often the objectives of this type of analysis are to attain the maximum utilization of a machine, to attain the optimum person to machine relationship, or to bring about the best balance of crew activity.

For this reason, the time factor is an important consideration and necessitates the use of a graphical representation involving time.

The procedure for a Time Study will be:

A job is selected
The method description derived from a method

study of this spefic job is used to break up the job into units that can be measured more easily.
The total job as well as the smaller tasks are rated and

measured several times with a stop watch. Average (standard times) are established.

 Objective is to determine the time it should take an average,

trained person to perform a task if he or she were doing that over an 8-hour day under usual working conditions and working at a normal pace. This time is called standard time. Bottom-up approach starts with a basic measurement of time, adjusts for operator pace, and then allows for fatigue, personal needs, and delays. Top-down approach is used in many labor contracts, and it normally defines standard time as that time under which a qualified employee working under usual conditions can make an incentive pay percent above base pay.

 Work Measurement is the application of techniques

designes to establish the time for a qualified Worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working. Time Study is a form of Work Measurement. The purpose of Time Study is to: Establish Standard Times Rate Operator performance Gain information to calculate overall production capabilities and Data for capacity planning. Establish the total Work content of finished goods.

The benefits from a Time Study will be:

Knowledge about Standard Times to be expected

Ability to estimate total Work content Operators can be appraised on factual grounds Some labour regulation might require Standard Times on the basis of solving Labor disputes.

Work Measurement
Normal time: The time required for an average, trained

operator to perform a task under usual working conditions and working at a normal pace. Normal pace: The pace of an average, trained, and careful operator working over an 8-hour day. Actual time: The observed time required for an operator to perform a task. Allowances: The amount of time added to the normal time to provide for personal needs, unavoidable delays, and fatigue.

 Objective is to determine the time it should take an average,

trained person to perform a task if he or she were doing that over an 8-hour day under usual working conditions and working at a normal pace. This time is called standard time. Bottom-up approach starts with a basic measurement of time, adjusts for operator pace, and then allows for fatigue, personal needs, and delays. Top-down approach is used in many labor contracts, and it normally defines standard time as that time under which a qualified employee working under usual conditions can make an incentive pay percent above base pay.

Work Measurement
Normal time: The time required for an average, trained

operator to perform a task under usual working conditions and working at a normal pace. Normal pace: The pace of an average, trained, and careful operator working over an 8-hour day. Actual time: The observed time required for an operator to perform a task. Allowances: The amount of time added to the normal time to provide for personal needs, unavoidable delays, and fatigue.