Advances in Textile Chemistry: Smart and Engineered Textiles

Dhiraj Dutta, Scientist B

Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment

Changing Scenarios..

Smart.

Biomimetics (also known as Bionics, biognosis, biomimicry or bionical creativity engineering) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology

"taking design ideas from nature"

Biomimetic refers to human-made processes, materials, devices, or systems that imitate nature. WHY NATURE ???????
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Advanced Materials, Functional Materials, Smart Materials, Intelligent Materials !! Conscious Materials ??!!!

Structural colors: Photonic Crystals Low temp ceramics Lotus effect: Self-clean water repellent surfaces

Bio-Adhesion: nanovelcro; Geckel glue

SPIDER SILK: BIOMACHINE FOR POLYMER

Spider Skill : Silk fiber stronger than the steel

Spiders spinneret

Nature 2001, 410,541

FUTURE IS NOT FAR

CHANGE IS JUST ON THE CORNER

Smart Technology
We are inspired to mimic nature in order to create

clothing materials with higher levels of functions

and smartness This is called Biomimetics (using nature as the design basis) Cloning silk fibers was a first step

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Smart textiles
By smart textiles are understood textile materials and clothes that Measure React Show advanced reaction (with or without electronics) Have electronic related functionalities

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According to the manner of reaction, SIT can be divided into:

Passive smart materials, which can only sense the environmental condition Active smart materials, which sense and react to the condition Very smart materials, which can sense, react and adapt themselves accordingly, and Intelligent materials, which are those capable of responding or activated to perform a function in a manual or pre-programmed manner How does a smart material work?
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Trigger or Stimuli

Sensing
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals

CONTROLLING

Processing
The processor analyzes and evaluates the signals

Response or Action

Actuation
The actuators act upon the detected and evaluated signal either directly or from a central control unit
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Microencapsulated Materials

Shape Memory Materials

Self-healing Materials

Smart Materials
Membranes Materials Conducting Materials

Chromic Materials

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Wearable electronics

Music jacket
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Textile switches

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Textile keyboards
Conductive net

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Pressure sensors
Soft switch

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Computers development

Past times

Today reality

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Computer comfort
Hard computers

Textile computers

hard stiff

soft flexible thin

thick

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Micro-Encapsulation
Fragrances can be micro-encapsulated into fabrics. What types of clothes would need to be fragranced? Garments that get smelly. Aromas can be based on fruits and flowers.

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Micro-Encapsulation
Can be applied to any fabric with an adhesive which is thermally fixed. Capsules release fragrance during movement so scent is not transferred to other garments in a drawer. Effect is semi-permanent (40 washes) Used in lingerie.

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Self-healing concept
Embedding microcapsules of monomer in composite Having catalyst in composite outside the microcapsules Upon fracture of microcapsule, monomer meets catalyst, thereby former a polymer which fills the crack.

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Phase Change Materials

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Human body as a thermal engine with the efficiency = (5-25%).

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Fig. Measurement of windproof fabric surface temperature by the IR camera. Without the windstopper membrane the outer air cools the jacket surface and its temperature is lower.

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Shape Memory Materials

Shape memory materials are those which changes shape on external stimulus like temperature or electric field etc.

StomatexTM fabric is a range of materials, where elevated temperature is maintained to prevent condensations of sweat.

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Smart Fabrics

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Stimuli Sensitive Materials

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pH Sensitive Materials
Polyeletrolytic gels

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Thermo sensitive materials

Lower Critical Solution Temperature

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Chromic Materials
Photochromic: external stimulus is light. Thermochromic: external stimulus is heat. Electrochromic: external stimulus is electricity. Piezorochromic: external stimulus is pressure. Solvatechromic: external stimulus is liquid or gas.

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Thermochromic textiles

Figure 1(a) illustrates a textile sample screen-printed separately with green, magenta and blue leuco thermo-chromics in a transparent binder, showing the bright individual colours that can be obtained at ambient temperatures. Figure 1(b) shows the same samples with the temperature raised using a hair dryer, which causes the disappearance of the pattern. The designs reemerge when the samples cool back to room temperature.
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Membranes
Multi-disciplinary research led to the successful development of the cutting-edge technology of laminating a variety of microporous or hydrophilic membranes

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Thank you for your attention ! Dhiraj Dutta Fiber Fabrics and Interactive Textiles DMSRDE, KANPUR dhirajdutta2003@yahoo.co.in

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