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1.1 Numerical Representation 1.2 Digital & Analog Systems 1.3 Advantages of Digital Techniques 1.4 Disadvantages of Digital Techniques 1.5 Digital Systems Overcome the Drawback of Analog Systems 1.6 Digital Number Systems 1.7 Representing Binary Quantities 1.8 Digital Data Transmission 1.9 Memory & Non-Memory Circuits 1.10 Digital Computers
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you must be able to Distinguish between analog & digital representations State the advantages and disadvantages of digital techniques compared with analog Understand the need for ADCs and DACs State the differences between parallel and serial transmissions Describe the property of memory Describe the major parts of a digital computer & understand their functions
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Analog Representation
Represent a quantity by a continuously variable, proportional indicator Characteristic of analog quantities They can vary over a continuous range of values Example 1) Speedometer Use a mechanical 2) Thermometer means
In electrical mean, the measured/processed physical quantity is converted to a proportional electrical signal (V or I) used by the system for display, processing or control purposes
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Digital Representation
Represent a quantity by a symbol, called digits. Characteristic of digital quantities They are varied in discrete steps Example 1) Digital Clock 2) Digital weighting scale
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Example 1: Tape
During playback, a magnetic material in the tape head is magnetized as the magnetic tape passes. Then, the magnetic field penetrates a coil of wire which is wrapped around it. Change in magnetic field will induce a voltage in the coil. This induced voltage forms an electrical image of the signal which is recorded on the tape.
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Audio/tape.html#c4
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Example 2: Computer
All the stored and processed data are in binary form. Why ?
Digital circuits/devices only concerns about two operating states/logic levels, This system allows computers to perform complex calculations very quickly and efficiently
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Example 3: CD
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DIGITAL
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Decimal System
It is also called as base 10 (due to 10-symbols representation) It is a positional numeral system. Example: Given a decimal number of 1429 For digit 1 one thousand (1 x 103) digit 4 four hundred (4 x 102) digit 2 twenty (2 x 101) digit 9 nine (9 x 100)
What is the MSD (most significant digit, first nonzero digit from the left) of 1429? What is the LSD (least significant digit, last nonzero digit from the right) of 1429?
For a whole number, the first digit to the left of the radix point is the LSD.
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Binary System
It is also called as base 2 (due to 2-symbols representation) It is also a positional numeral system. However, the weight of its bit is different than decimal. Example: Given a binary number of 1011 For bit 1 1 x 23 bit 0 0 x 22 bit 1 1 x 21 bit 1 1 x 20
What is the MSB of 1011? What is the LSB of 1011?
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Parallel Transmission
The bits presenting the information (code) are sent simultaneously faster speed, however it requires more signal lines (complexity)
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Serial Transmission
The bits presenting the information (code) are sent one bit at a time using a single transmission line until all bits are transmitted. slower speed, but it requires only 1 signal line The data transmitted could start from either MSB or LSB (depending on a system)
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When an input is applied to the circuit, the output will change its state, but it will remain in the new state even when the input is removed.
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MEMORYLESS CIRCUIT The circuit does not exhibit the property of memory because the output reverts back to its normal state.
When an input is applied to the circuit, the output will change its state, and it will return back to its original state when the input is removed.
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Memory unit
Stores the instructions & data from input Stores the results of arithmetic operation from ALU Supplies information to output RAM (Random Access Memory) & ROM (Read-Only Memory)
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Output unit
Takes data from the memory unit and prints out, display , etc i.e. to the external
Input unit
Instruction set and data are fed through this
Control unit
Takes and interprets instructions from input Sends related signals to other units to cause the specific instruction to be executed
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Types of computers
Microprocessor, P
CPU in an integrated circuit
Microcomputer
Computer that use a P to perform a wide range of applications depending on the software Performs general tasks
Microcontroller
Computer that use a P to perform limited task(s) Have all the elements of a complete computer (CPU, memory & I/O ports) in one integrated circuit.
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Informations
Quiz 1 that cover chapter 3, on 22/9/2011, Thursday. Prepare the answers for tutorial in the module (chapter 3 and 1), that will be discussed on Thursday. Module will be distributed today, check email
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