8lomeLrlcs

A Semlnar
kesearch and comp||at|on by
Anand M S
1l081L017
uepL of 1elecommunlcaLlons
LSl1
-@kCDUC@C-
8lomeLrlcs ls a rapldly evolvlng Lechnology
laclllLaLes Lhe auLomaLlc ldenLlflcaLlon based on physlcal or
behavloral characLerlsLlcs
LllmlnaLes Lhe need Lo memorlze a password or carry some
form of Loken
|ometr|cs A def|n|t|on
Sclence and Lechnology of measurlng and
sLaLlsLlcally analyzlng blologlcal daLa LhaL ls
represenLed ln human by paLLerns unlque Lo
every lndlvldual
llgure descrlblng Lhe process lnvolved ln
uslng Lhe blomeLrlc sysLem

U@, CI C,@kC ,CD
uA1A CCLLLC1lCn
18AnSMlSSlCn
SlCnAL 8CCLSSlnC
uLClSlCn MAklnC
uA1A S1C8ACL
@9 CI C,@kC @,
llngerprlnL verlflcaLlon
Pand CeomeLry
8eLlnal Scannlng
lrls Scannlng
laclal 8ecognlLlon
SlgnaLure verlflcaLlon
volce verlflcaLlon
D@A A-A CI k CA---
lrls scan Lakes abouL 30sec 2sec for verlflcaLlon
A camera locaLed aL abouL 3 feeL focuses on scans
lrls from one slde
1hls scan ls converLed lnLo a LemplaLe
Cnly phase lnformaLlon ls used for recognlzlng lrls as
ampllLude lnformaLlon ls depends on exLraneous
facLors
A RSCODE Sample
lrlscode CeneraLlon
Cabor lllLerlng Complex planar wave resLrlcLed Lo a 2u Causslan envelope
Aslde from scale and orlenLaLlon Lhe only Lhlng LhaL can make Lwo
Cabor waveleLs dlffer ls Lhe raLlo beLween wavelengLh and Lhe wldLh of Lhe
Causslan envelope
Lvery Cabor waveleL has a cerLaln wavelengLh and orlenLaLlon and can be
convolved wlLh an lmage Lo esLlmaLe Lhe magnlLude of local frequencles of LhaL
approxlmaLe wavelengLh and orlenLaLlon ln Lhe lmage
A [eL of Cabor waveleLs conslsLs of numerous waveleLs of dlfferenL wavelengLhs
and orlenLaLlons 8y convolvlng an lmage wlLh a full [eL of lLers lL ls posslble Lo
quanLlfy Lhe magnlLude and phase of Lhe local frequency lnformaLlon wlLhln Lhe
bandwldLhs of Lhe [eL
Cabor waveleLs are formed Lhrough 2 componenLs a complex slnusoldal carrler
and a Causslan envelope
q%xy)s%xy)w%xy)
1he complex carrler Lakes Lhe form
s%xy)ej%2n%o0x+v0y)+l)
1he real and lmaglnary parLs can be
vlsuallzed as glven below
8eal parL
lmaglnary arL
1he real parL of Lhe funcLlon ls glven by
e%s%xy))cos%2n%o0x+v0y)+l)
1he lmaglnary parL ls glven by
l%s%xy))sln%2n%o0x+v0y)+l)
1he parameLers o0 and v0 represenL Lhe
frequency of Lhe horlzonLal and verLlcal
slnusolds respecLlvely l represenLs an
arblLrary phase shlfL
1he second componenL of a Cabor waveleL ls lLs envelope
1he resulLlng waveleL ls Lhe producL of Lhe slnusoldal
carrler and Lhls envelope
1he envelope has a Causslan proflle and ls descrlbed by Lhe
followlng equaLlon
q%xy) ke-n%o2%x-x0)2t+b2%y-y0)2t)
where %x-x0)t%x-x0)cos%0)+%y-y0)sln%0)
%y-y0)t-%x-x0)sln%0)+%y-y0)cos%0)
1he parameLers used above are k a scallng consLanL %ob)
envelope axls scallng consLanLs 0 envelope roLaLlon
consLanL %x0y0) Causslan envelope peak
1o puL lL all LogeLher we
mulLlply s%xy) by w%xy) 1hls produces a
waveleL llke Lhls one
CeneraLlng Lhe lrlscode
lmage of an eye
unrolled lmage of an eye mapped
Lo CarLeslan coordlnaLes
Je exLracL a seL of unlque feaLures from Lhls lrls
and Lhen sLore Lhem Jhen presenLed wlLh an
unknown lrls we can compare Lhe sLored
feaLures Lo Lhe feaLures ln Lhe unknown lrls Lo
see lf Lhey are Lhe same 1hese seL of feaLures are
called Lhe lrlscode"
Any glven lrls has a unlque LexLure LhaL ls
generaLed Lhrough a random process before
blrLh lllLers based on Cabor waveleLs Lurn ouL Lo
be very good aL deLecLlng paLLerns ln lmages
Jell use a flxed frequency 1u Cabor fllLer Lo look for paLLerns ln
our unrolled lmage
llrsL well Lake a one plxel wlde column from our unrolled lmage
and convolve lL wlLh a 1u Cabor waveleL 8ecause Lhe Cabor fllLer ls
complex Lhe resulL wlll have a real and lmaglnary parL whlch are
LreaLed separaLely
Je only sLore a small number of blLs for each lrls code so Lhe real
and lmaglnary parLs are each quanLlzed
lf a glven value ln Lhe resulL vecLor ls greaLer Lhan zero a one ls
sLored oLherwlse zero ls sLored
Cnce all Lhe columns of Lhe lmage have been fllLered and
quanLlzed we can form a new black and whlLe lmage by puLLlng all
of Lhe columns slde by slde
8eal parL of lrlscode
lmaglnary parL of lrlscode
Comparlng lrlscodes for
AuLhenLlcaLlon
1he users eye ls phoLographed and Lhe lrls code produced from Lhe lmage
Je measure Lhe Pammlng dlsLance beLween Lwo lrls codes
1he Pammlng dlsLance beLween any Lwo equal lengLh blnary vecLors ls slmply Lhe
number of blL poslLlons ln whlch Lhey dlffer dlvlded by Lhe lengLh of Lhe vecLors
1hls way Lwo ldenLlcal vecLors have dlsLance 0 whlle Lwo compleLely dlfferenL
vecLors have dlsLance 1
lLs worLh noLlng LhaL on average Lwo random vecLors wlll dlffer ln half Lhelr blLs
glvlng a Pammlng dlsLance of 03
1he Pammlng dlsLance ls maLhemaLlcally deflned ln Lhls equaLlon
$lengLh%A)
ln Lheory Lwo lrls codes lndependenLly generaLed from
Lhe same lrls wlll be exacLly Lhe same
ln reallLy Lhough Lhls doesnL happen vary ofLen for
reasons such as lmperfecL cameras llghLlng or small
roLaLlonal errors
1o accounL for Lhese sllghL lnconslsLencles Lwo lrls
codes are compared and lf Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhem
ls below a cerLaln Lhreshold well call Lhem a maLch
1hls ls based on Lhe ldea of sLaLlsLlcal lndependence
1he lrls ls random enough such LhaL lrls codes from
dlfferenL eyes wlll be sLaLlsLlcally lndependenL %le have
a dlsLance larger Lhan Lhe Lhreshold) and Lherefore
only lrls codes of Lhe same eye wlll fall Lhe LesL of
sLaLlsLlcal lndependence
Lmplrlcal sLudles wlLh mllllons of lmages have
supporLed Lhls asserLlon
lrls scannlng enabled ALm AuLhenLlcam
used for lrls scannlng
ADVA-@A CI k CA---
lrls paLLern posses hlgh degree of randomness
varlablllLy unlqueness
aLLerns are apparenLly sLable LhroughouL llfe
Lncodlng declslon maklng are LracLable
lmage analysls encodlng Llme 1sec
Search perlod 100000 lrls codes/sec
DADVA-@A CI k CA---
Small LargeL %1cm) Lo acqulre from a dlsLance
%1m)
LocaLed behlnd a curved weL reflecLlng surface
Cbscured by eyelashes lenses reflecLlons
arLlally occluded by eyellds ofLen dropplng
lllumlnaLlon should noL be vlslble or brlghL
CnAkAC@kC@C ICk C@-
A C,@kC @Cn-CC
Accuracy
Lase of use
Lrror lncldence
CosL
user accepLance
8equlred securlLy level
Long Lerm sLablllLy
Character
istic
Finger
Print
Hand
Geometr
y
Retina Iris Face Signature Voice
Ease oI
use
High High Low Medium Medium High High
Error
Incidence
Dryness,
Dirt,Age
Hand
Injury,Ag
e
Glasses Poor
Lighting
Lighting,
Age,Glas
ses
Changing
Signature
s
Noise,Co
lds,Weath
er
Accuracy High High Very
High
Very
High
High High High
Cost * * * * * * *
User
Acceptan
ce
Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High
Required
Security
High Medium High Very
High
Medium Medium High
LTS High Medium High High Medium Medium Medium
,@nCD @C kA@ C,@kC
ACCUkAC
lALSL ACCL1AnCL 8A1L %lA8)
lALSL 8L!LC1lCn 8A1L %l88)
1he ploL of lA8 vs l88 represenLlng
crossover error raLe
CC@ A-A ICk C,@kC
Pardware
8ackend processlng power Lo malnLaln
daLabase
8esearch LesLlng of Lhe sysLem
user educaLlon
LxcepLlon processlng
SysLem malnLenance
C,@kC A99CA@C-
lndlan lnlLlaLlves
8loenable 1echnology une
Slemens lnformaLlon SysLem LLd 8anglore
Axls SofLware une
!aypeeLex Mumbal
Clobal uevelopmenLs
lnLerneL SecurlLy LlLronlx usa
Jlndows 8lomeLrlcs MlcrosofL
neL nanny SofLware lnLernaLlonal
8lomeLrlc SmarL Cards olarld ALmel
IU@Uk CI C,@kC
A1M Machlne use
1ravel 1ourlsm
ubllc ldenLlLy Card Aadhar
CC-CUC-
our flngerprlnLs lrls paLLern and volce wlll
verlfy your ldenLlLy
ou can unlock your house or wlLhdraw
money from your bank wlLh [usL a bllnk of eye
a Lap of your flnger or by [usL showlng your
face
CkA9n
Biometrics : Journal of nternational Biometric
Society
The Biometrics Consortium .....May
2002
Electronics For You ........June
2002
www.biometric.com
www.bioventric.com
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/avanti
http://www.ibia.org
1hank ou