THI I CA CHT DO

I. Tng quan v cht do:

Theo nh ngha, cht do l loi vt liu c th bin dng m
khng b ph hu v c th nh hnh vi p lc thp nht. Cht do c th c mt s tinh th v c tt c cc loi cu trc v hnh thi cu to (thng, nhnh). Chng c th dng nhit do hoc dng nhit rn. Nhm vt liu ny ban u c cc nh khoa hc tm ra thay th dn cho cc vt liu thin nhin ang dn b thiu ht, nhng thc t th chng vt cc vt liu thin nhin v c sn lng v cht lng tr thnh vt liu khng thay th c, thm nhp vo mi ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip, xy dng, giao thng vn ti, y t, vn ho cng nh trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca mi ngi.

 Cho ti nm 1995,sn lng cht do gia cng nc

ta t 25000 tn vi gi tr sn lng trn 400 triu la M. Trong l s pht trin mnh ca sn xut v s dng l cc sn phm bao b: Nu ch tnh ring bao PP, nm 1989 mi sn xut c 18triu bao b th nm 1996 ln ti 100triu bao. Ti ng mng PE tr thnh khng th thiu ca " vn ho thng mi". Sn lng bao b cho cc loi bnh ko, mng OPP, mng complex (nhiu lp) bng cc cht lng cht do khc nhau xut hin ph bin vi mu m kh a dng. Cc chai l PVC hoc PET c s dng ng nc gii kht, du n, m phm, cc sn phm thng, x, chu hay r rdng trong sinh hot gia nh c sn xut rt nhiu c s vi quy m ln p ng rt tt nhu cu ca ngi dn.

 Nm 1940, cao su tng hp nhit- do neopren ra i

dng lm xm lp t, nh du nh du s sa st thi hong kim ca cao su thin nhin. Nm 1945, cc loi tt di bng ni-lon xut hin cho tt bng la v dng lm d cho phi cng trong chin tranh th gii th hai. Nm 1946, polyetilen ra i c dng lm l ng sa chua M, ln ch ca thu tinh. Nm 1950, xut hin cc a ht vi rnh polyclovinyl v dng bng fomica. Nm 1960, ngi ta dng chai bng PVC ng nc khong bn trn th trng cho ti nm 1976, xut hin thm chai bng PET. Nm 1965, teflon- cht chng bm dnh c sn xut lm cc sn phm chng dnh nh cho,niNm 1985, polycacbonat l mt cht do chng va p tt dng ch to tm l chn, vch ngn chu lc

II. Tn thng mi, c im v ng dng ca mt s loi cht do thng gp:

Loi vt liu Tn thng mi Tnh cht ng dng im hnh

Dng nhit do
Acrylonitrilbutadienstyren (ABS) Marbon cycolac Lustan Abson bn cao, bn nhit, tnh cht in tt. Chy v tan trong mt s dung mi Truyn nh sng, bn vi thi tit, tnh cht c trung bnh. m lt t lnh, dng c lm vn, chi

Acrylic (polymetylmet acrilat, PMMA)

LucitePlexiglass

Knh, ca, dng c o c..

Flocacbon (PTFE hay Teflon TFEHalon TFE Tr trong hu ht TFE) ccmi trng,h s ma st nh, tnh chy km

Cht bt chng n mn, ng ng, mng chng dinh, chi tit in t

Polyamit (PA)

Nylon Zytel Plaskon

bn c hc tt, bn ma st, ht nc v mt s cht lng khc

Bn chi, v bc dy cp

Polycacbonat (PC)

Merlon Lexan

Knh thc n Knh, chp n nh, ht t nc, trong sut, bn va p tt, chu ho cht trung bnh. Bn ho cht v cch in, mm do v c h s ma st thp, bn c hc khng cao v chu thi tit yu. Chai l mm do, chi, khay ng , mng bao gi

Polyetylen (PE)

Alathon Petrothene Hi-fax

Polypopylen (PP)

Pro-fax Tenite Moplen

Bn vi s thay i nhit , tnh cht in v nhit tt, bn vi ho cht, r, chu tia t ngoi km.
Tnh cht in v quang tt, n nh kch thc v chu nhit tt,tng i r. Vt liu c nhiu ng dng

Chai l c th thanh trng, mng bao gi, v tivi,valy, ti xch

Polystiren (PS)

Styron Luxtrex Rexolite

chi, bng in, dng c gia nh

Vinyl (PVC)

PVC, Pliovic Saran, Tygon Mylar Celanar Dacron

ng ng, bc dy in, chai l..

Polyeste (PTE)

Bn vi m,axit,cht bo, dung mi

Vi si,

Dng nhit rn
Epoxy Epon Epi- rez Araldite C bn c v chng n mn, kch thc n nh,bm dnh tt,tnh dn in Trn hp vi nhiu loi nha v cht n, r, n nh kch thc. Tnh dn in tt,r,dng c nhit trn nhit phng. Tnh cht in tt, tr vi ho cht nhng d b hi nc tc dng,chu nhit tt. Vt liu c, keo dn, sn bo v,vt liu compozit

Phenolic

Bakelite Durez Resinox Selectron Laminac Paraplex Nha DC

Bc cc moto,v in thoi, dng c in. Mt n, compozit, mt s chi tit t, gh, qut Cht do lp, cch in nhit cao.

Polyeste

Silicon

III.Mt s loi cht do thng gp:

III.1. Polyethylene terephthalate - k

hiu PET hay PETE Cng thc cu to ca nha PET:

 Polyethylene terephthalate ( c gi tt l PET, PETE) l loi

nha nhit do thuc loi nha polyester v c s dng trong tng hp t si, vt dng ng ung, thc n, v cc loi cht lng khc; c th p phun to hnh, trong k ngh thng kt hp vi x thu tinh. Ngnh cng nghip polyester chim khong 18% sn lng polymer trn th gii v l th ba sau khi polyethylene (PE) v polypropylen (PP). Hu ht ngnh cng nghip PET trn th gii l tng hp si (chim 60%) cung cp cho khong 30% nhu cu ca th gii. Trong lnh vc vi si, PET c ng dng lm polyester kt hp vi cotton. PET c sn xut di tn thng mi Arnite, Impet v Rynite, Ertalyte, Hostaphan, Melinex v Mylar films, v Dacron, Diolen, Terylene v Trevira fibers.

 Tu thuc vo qu trnh x l nhit m PET c th

tn ti hai dng: v nh hnh ( trong sut ) v dng kt tinh (mu trng c ). Cc vt liu c th trong sut semicrystalline (ht kch thc <500 nm) hoc c v trng (ht kch thc ln n mt vi micron) ty thuc vo cu trc tinh th v kch thc ht monomer ca n (bis--hydroxyterephthalate) c tng hp bi phn ng ester ha gia axit terepthalic v ethylene glycol to ra nc, hoc phn ng transester ha gia ethylene glycol v dimethyl terepthalate vi methanol l sn phm.S polymer ha c tin hnh bi mt qu trnh a trng ngng ca cc monomer (ngay lp tc sau qu trnh ester ha hoc transester ha ) vi ethylene glycol l sn phm (ethylene glycol c thu hi trong sn xut ).

III.1.1 Mt s tnh cht ca PET

III.1.1.1 Bng thng tin v PET

III.1.1.2 nht:

Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca PET l

nht. nht ni ti ca mt vt liu c o bng deciliters/ gam (dl/g) ph thuc vo di ca mch polymer. di mch polymer cng di, rn cng cao, nn nht cng cao. di ca mt polymer c iu chnh thng qua qu trnh polyme ho. nht ni ti ca PET l: Dng si: 0,6 dl/l. Dng mng mng:0,65dl/l. Chai l: 0,76- 0,84dl/l.

III.1.1.3 m:

PET c kh nng ht m. Khi b m, trong qu trnh

gia cng PET, s thy phn s din ra ti b mt tip xc gia nc v PET, nguyn nhn ny lm gim phn t lng ca PET (hay nht) v nhng c tnh c l ca n. V th trc khi nha c gia cng, m phi c loi b khi nha. C th thc hin c bng cch s dng cht ht m hoc sy trc khi a vo gia cng. iu ny t c thng qua vic s dng mt cht lm kh hoc sy trc khi PET c a vo cc thit b ch bin.

III.1.2 Cc phng php tng hp PET:

III.1.2.1 Phn ng gia axit Terephtalic ( TPA) v Etylen Glycol (EG): Phn ng gm 2 giai on:
Giai on 1: Hn hp TPA v EG c gia nhit, phn ng trng ngng xy ra to BHET ( bis-(hydroxyletyl)terephtalat) v cc oligome c phn t lng thp.

 Giai on 2: Phn ng trng ngng tip tc xy ra to PET.

Sau phn ng, EG cn d, PET c dng lng chy nht. Nu lm lnh ngay trong nc s to thnh PET v nh hnh.

Xc tc thng dng l antimony trioxid, mui ca titanium,

germanium, cobalt, mangan, magnesium v km. Xc tc s dng vi nng thch hp lm tng vn tc phn ng.

III.1.2.2 Phn ng trans este ho gia Dimetyl Terephtalat (DMT) v EG:

Phn ng iu ch DMT t TPA v

Methanol

Phn ng Trans este ha gia DMT v EG, metanol l mt trong cc sn phm.

III.1.2.3 Phn ng gia terephtaloyl diclorit v Etylen Glycol:

III.1.3 Qu trnh sy PET:

Trong l sy, kh nng c thi t pha di ln sn
cha nhng mng PET c ct, l PET bay ln l lng trong khng kh nng, nn c th loi b c m. Kh nng m c dn khi sn v i qua b lm lnh loi b m. Cui cng khng kh ny c nung tr li v c cho tr li sy nhng mng PET nh lc u, chu trnh c lp li. m trong sn phm nha phi nh hn 40 phn triu (mt phn nc trn mt triu phn nha theo khi lng) th t yu cu cht lng trc khi gia cng. Thi gian sy khng nn ngn hn 4 gi, bi v sy nguyn liu thp hn 4 gi, th nhit ca mng PET s thp hn 160oC. nhit ny th s thy phn s xy ra bn trong nhng mng PET trc khi chng c sy kh. PET cng c th c sy kh trong my sy nha kh nn. my sy khng kh nn khng ti s dng lm kh khng kh,khng kh nn c lu thng thng qua cc vin PET nh trong cc my sy ht m, sau thi vo kh quyn.

III.1.4 Vt liu ng dng t nha PET thng gp trong gia nh:

Chai nha PET: Lch s hnh thnh: PET c cp bng sng ch vo nm 1941 bi

Hip hi cc my in Calico 'ca Manchester. Cc chai PET c cp bng sng ch vo nm 1973 bi Nathaniel Wyeth. Chai PET l mt loi vt ng rt tt v c s dng rng ri do PET c cc tnh cht ro cn tt chng li oxy v carbon dioxit. Do , n c s dng lm v chai nc khong, nc ngt, hp nha. Khi c s gia cng ht hay si thy tinh, n tr nn cng mt cch ng k v bn hn.

 PET nh vi nhiu cht do, cng l

mt ng c vin tuyt vi cho x l nhit (t), v n bao gm carbon, hydro v oxy, vi ch mt lng nh cc yu t cht xc tc (nhng khng c lu hunh). Tuy t chc EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) khng cn lit k cht DEHA- mt loi ho cht c trong PET nh mt cht gy ra ung th nhng loi nha ny c th r r vo trong nc kim loi antimon v oxit ch rt c hi cho c th con ngi v d nh c th lm ph v ni tit trong c th. Nht l khi ng nc nng hay trong mi trng c nhit cao th PET rt d r r ra cc kim loi c hi Bn cnh , nhiu nh khoa hc khuyn co khng nn s dng li nhng chai nha lm bng PET v n rt kh lm sch v c th cha nhiu vi khun gy bnh.

 PET nh vi nhiu cht do, cng l mt ng c

vin tuyt vi cho x l nhit (t), v n bao gm carbon, hydro v oxy, vi ch mt lng nh cc yu t cht xc tc (nhng khng c lu hunh). Tuy t chc EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) khng cn lit k cht DEHA- mt loi ho cht c trong PET nh mt cht gy ra ung th nhng loi nha ny c th r r vo trong nc kim loi antimon v oxit ch rt c hi cho c th con ngi v d nh c th lm ph v ni tit trong c th. Nht l khi ng nc nng hay trong mi trng c nhit cao th PET rt d r r ra cc kim loi c hi

Ti ch nha PET:

Trong khi hu ht cc cht do nhit c th v

nguyn tc c ti ch, chai PET ti ch l thc t hn nhiu so vi cc ng dng bng nha khc. PET c mt m s nhn dng nha l 1y l loi nha d ti ch nht. Nm 1999, c hn 17 t chai t nha PET c ti ch. K hiu trn vt dng c cht liu t PET:

III.2 High- density polyethylene hay HDPE:

Polyethylene mt cao (HDPE hoc PEHD) l

mt polyethylene nhit do c tng hp t du kh. C 1,75 kg du kh (v nng lng v nguyn liu) lm ra c 1kg HDPE.Trong nm 2007, HDPE ton cu th trng t n mt khi lng hn 30 triu tn.

 Nha HDPE c dng lm cc loi chai du gi, hp

sa, hp ng du nht, chi hay cc loi ti shopping cng. Loi plastic ny thng m c, khng trong sut. Mt s ni ti ch thng ch nhn ti ch HDPE thun (khng c mu). Nha HDPE l mt loi nha d ti ch nht. K hiu:

HDPE cha cc nguyn t ha hc carbon v hydro tuy

nhin trong qu trnh sn xut HDPE cn s dng ti cc ho cht c tnh c nh hexane v benzene.

 Mt s hnh nh vt dng t nha HDPE:

III.3 Polyvinyl clorua ( K hiu l V):

Polyvinyl clorua l mt loi nha nhit do to thnh t

phn ng trng hp vinyl clorua:

Lch s pht trin ca PVC.

Nm 1835, PVC ln u tin c tng hp bi
nh bc hc Hni Regnault vi nguyn liu ban u l vinyl clorua. Tuy nhin phi ti nm 1912, cc nghin cu c lp ca hai nh bc hc Iwan Ostromislensky (Nga) v Fritz Klatte (c) mi a ra c PVC y v tnh cht. n nm 1933, nhiu dng PVC c tng hp M v c nhng phi n nm 1937, PVC mi c sn xut trn quy m cng nghip hon chnh ti c v sau l M.

Tnh cht vt l: Mt vi thng s vt l

ca nha PVC
T trng Modum n hi gin di gii hn dai va p Nhit thu tinh ho Nhit nng chy 1380 kg/m3 H s truyn nhit () 0.16 W/(m.K) 17.95 MJ/kg 8 10-5/K 0.9 kJ/(kg.K) 0.04-0.4 2900-3300 MPa Nhit lng ta ra khi chy 20-40% 2-5 kJ/ m2 870C 80 C H s gin n Nhit dung ring thm nc (ASTM)

 PVC c dng bt mu trng hoc mu vng

nht. PVC tn ti hai dng l huyn ph c kch thc ht ln t 20-150 micromet v nh tng c mn cao. Ban u loi polyme ny vn khng c ng dng v khng c ch quan tm nhiu, bi tnh km n nh, cng v rt kh gia cng tuy nhin nh c cc cht ph gia khc c s dng thm nn vt liu PVC hin nay khc phc c cc nhc im c hc ny. T trng ca PVC vo khong t 1,25 n 1,46 g/cm3 cao hn so vi mt s loi nha khc nh PE, PP

ng dng:

 PVC thng c s dng trong cc loi mn

plastic, ng nc, mt vi loi chai v vt liu xy dngPVC cha nhiu cht c chloride, n c xem l loi nha c nht, c vic ti ch ln vt b u gy nn s r r Dioxin- mt loi cht cc c gy nn bnh ung th vo trong nc v khng kh. Khng ch vy, nhiu chi lm bng PVC cha phthalate, cht ny hin nay c tm thy trong mu ngi kh nhiu gy tc ng ti hoc-mn dn ti dy th sm. Hin nay nha PVC ang b ty chay bi nhiu cng ty sn xut trn th gii nhm bo v sc kho ca con ngi

III.4 Low- density polyethylene (LDPE).

K hiu- m s nhn dng nha LDPE:

 Polyethylene mt thp (LDPE) l mt

nha nhit do lm t du kh. y l lp u tin ca polyethylene, c sn xut vo nm 1933 bi Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) bng cch s dng mt qu trnh p sut cao thng qua trng hp gc t do. LDPE thng c ti ch v c s "4" l biu tng ti ch ca n. Trong nm 2009 th trng LDPE trn ton th gii t n mt khi lng 22200000000 US-la M (15,9 t Euro).

ng dng:

LDPE c dng nhiu trong xn xut ti nilon (dng

trong sut), dy buc, mt s loi chai nhaLDPE l loi nha t c hi hn PVC nhng n vn cha cc cht c hi nh butane, benzene v vinyl acetate. Cc ti nilon c lm bng nha LDPE v HDPE hin nay ang b ln n v ang dn b cm s dng nhm bo v mi trng.

III.5 Polypopylen (PP)

Cng thc ca nha PP

 Polypopylen (PP) cn c gi l polypropene l

mt loi polymer dng nhit do c dng nhiu trong sn xut ly, a, v cc dng c trong phng th nghim. Trong nm 2007, th trng ton cu cho PP t 45.100.000 tn, t doanh thu khong 65.109 USD( khong 47,4.109 euro).

Mt s hnh nh vt dng t nha PP:

K hiu- m s nhn dng nha PP:

Nha PP n hi v kh nng chng hu ht cc

dung mi v cht keo. Nha polypropylene (PP) c xem l loi nha tt nht trong vic sn xut cc loi vt dng bng nha nh cc loi x, r, rdo c tnh c hc cao. Tuy nhin trong PP vn cha mt s cht c nh DDT hay PCB c hi cho sc kho con ngi

III.6 Polystirene hay cn c gi l Styrofoam.

olystyrene (c vit tt l PS) l mt loi
nha nhit do c to thnh t phn ng trng hp stiren.

Tnh cht vt l ca PS:

PS l loi nha cng, trong sut, khng c mi
v, chy cho ngn la khng n nh. PS tuy khng mu nhng li rt d to mu, hnh thc p,d gia cng bng phng php p phun v p. PS bn vi kim v nhiu loi axit, tan trong este,xeton Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc nhiu vo mc trng hp. PS c trng lng phn t thp rt dn v c bn thp. gin di tng i s bt u tng khi t ti nhit 800. Vt qu nhit ny PS s tr nn mm v dnh.

Mt vi thng s vt l ca PS:
T trng bn Khi ko Khi nn Khi un Modun n hi ko dai va p cng Brinel Nhit lm vic lu di 35-59 56-133 80-112 (2,8 - 3,5).103 12-20 140 - 160 70 - 75 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 KJ/m2 HB oC 1,05 - 1,06 g/cm3

ng dng:
PS c s dng nhiu nht trong sn xut ly, hp

nha, a thc n nhanh (dng mt ln) Vic sn xut nha PS sinh ra kh CFC l mt loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh v lm thng tng zn nn trn thc t loi nha ny hin nay khng c cc n v ti ch chp nhn

III.7 Cc loi nha khc

K hiu trn sn phm:
Cc loi nha c du hiu nh trn biu th l

loi nha khc 6 loi nha lit k trn. Trong c nhiu loi nha c tnh c gy tn thng ti hocmon ca con ngi c bit l nhit cao. Nn nhiu khuyn co c a ra l khng nn s dng nha d ng thc n hay ung nng m nn s dng s hoc thu tinh th tt hn

Xu th ca thi i ngy nay:Polyme c kh nng t phn hu

Vt liu polyme vi s phong ph v chng loi

v a dng v tnh cht c mt khp mi lnh vc trong cuc sng. Theo s liu nm 1996, mc tiu th vt liu polyme bnh qun tnh theo u ngi ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin khong 100kg/nm v ti cc nc ang pht trin l 10kg/nm. S pht trin mnh m ca vt liu polyme km theo nhiu vn mi trng cn phi gii quyt. Lng ph thi t vt liu polymer ngy cng tng khong 20 n 30triu tn trn ton th gii

 Nhng dng ph thi t nha do nh

polyetilen, polten, poyprotylen, PVC, polymetylmetacrylat hay cc sn phm t nha nhit rn nh epi, polyeste khng no, polyuretan v cc ch phm t cao su khi b thi ra c nh hng nng n ti mi trng do chng thi gian trong ddaays c thi gian kh lu v kh phn hu. Chnh v vy m trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh khoa hc trn th gii tp trung nghin cu iu ch v ng dng vt liu polyme phn hu do mi trng, nhm mc ch ngn nga s nhim