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Kevin Ashton first proposed the concept of the Internet of

in 1999.
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Cluster of European RFID Project (CERP) defines in
2009.
Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated part of Future
Internet and could be defined as a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols
where physical and virtual things have identities,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network.
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Hua-Dong Ma (), Internet of things: Objectives and scientific
challenges, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Vol.
26(6), pp.919-244, 2011.
Based on the traditional information carriers including the Internet,
telecommunication network and so on, Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network that inter-connects ordinary physical objects with the
identifiable addresses so that provides intelligent services.
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The Internet of Things allows
people and things to be
connected Anytime, Anyplace,
with Anything and Anyone, ideally
using Any network and Any
service (6A).
This implies addressing elements
such as Convergence, Content,
Collections (Repositories),
Computing, Communication, and
Connectivity (6C) in the context.
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ITU report in 2005: The Internet of Things.
Describes the visions underlying the IoT
Examines enabling technologies
Explores the market potential
Contemplates the challenges and wider
implications
Sets out some of the benefits of IoT for
developing countries
www.itu.int/internetofthings
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The Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things
(IoT-GSI) in ITU-T.
Develop of technical standards enabling the Internet of
Things on a global scale (Recommendations).
Participation from: industry, government entities and SDOs:
ETSI M2M, GSC MSTF, ISO/IEC JTC1, TIA, AICTO,
ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, GISFI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, TTA,
TTC, IETF etc.

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Merchandise
Tracking
Environment
Protection
Intelligent
Search
Tele-
medicine
Intelligent
Traffic

Cloud Computing
Platform
Smart
Home

Mobile
Telecom
Network
The
Internet
Information
Network
RFID
RFID Label
Sensor Network
Sensor Nodes
GPS
Road Mapper
Sensing
Layer
Network
Layer
Application
Layer
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Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things, Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.
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Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

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Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.
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Ordinary objects are instrumented.
It means that ordinary objects such as cups, tables, screws, foods
and automobile tires can be individually addressed by means of
being embedded with chip, RFID, bar code and so on.
Autonomic terminals are interconnected.
It means that the instrumented physical objects are connected as
autonomic network terminals.
Pervasive services are intelligent.
In such an extensively-interconnected network, letting every object
participate in the service flow to make the pervasive service
intelligent.
For example, the sensor nodes of vehicle-carrying network or
human-carrying network can monitor the status of road or the
body of driver to obtain real-time information for guiding driving
behaviors.
From: Hua-Dong Ma (), Internet of things: Objectives
and scientific challenges, Journal of Computer Science and
Technology, Vol. 26(6), pp.919-244, 2011.
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More Extensive Interconnection
Extensiveness in the quantity of devices.
Extensiveness in the type of devices.
Extensiveness in the connection mode.
More Comprehensive Intelligent Service
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More Intensive Information Perception
Non-uniformity: Data formats for temperature, humidity, audio,
video, and other information are different from each other.
Inconsistency: There is inconsistent information due to the
distortion of space-time mapping.
Inaccuracy: A range of information inaccuracies are often caused
by the variety of sampling methods and different capabilities of
the sensors.
Discontinuities: Intermittent information availability is often
caused by the dynamic network transmission capacity.
Incomprehensiveness: Incomplete sensing of information is
caused by the limitations of sensors.
Incompleteness: Partial loss of information is caused by dynamic
network environment.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011.

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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011.

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Smart Dust: Hitachi Chip, 0.4 mm
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Antonio Krger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
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Antonio Krger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
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Antonio Krger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
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Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

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Industrial Automation
Telemetry wireless sensors
(gas, pollution, proximity, ...)
Payment (terminals, electronic
wallet, public transportation)
GTC - Signalization (lights, public
info, city irrigation )
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From http://www.igd.com

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Telemedicine Home Care
Social alarms
Laboratories
Institutions(clinics, retirement houses)
Medical devices
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Automatic apertures
Alarms (intrusion, fire)
HVAC monitoring (cooling, heating)
Metering Fluids & energy
Lighting
Irrigation
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Access control (lock-unlock)
HVAC monitoring (cooling, heating)
Alarms
Metering
Energy management
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ITS: Intelligent Transport System Communications
ITU-T Focus Group on Car Communication
ITU-T Focus Group on Driver Distraction
Smart Grid
ITU-T Focus Group
eHealth
Planned workshop on eHealth (in cooperation with WHO) and related
technology standards.
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What is a thing?
Computers equipped with communication interfaces.
Not computers, but who are associated with computers equipped
with communication interfaces.
What is the identifier of a thing?
A serial number, such as an EPC code.
An IP address.
Others: a fix hash value, or adhoc naming scheme.
Authentication
Identity Protection
Identity protection enforces privacy by hiding things identities.



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Communication Protocol
A thing communicates with the Internet network by various
interfaces
Via MAC (OSI2) radio protocols, as defined by EPCGLOBAL
A thing is an IP node, and is natively plugged in the Internet
Cloud.
Others: Host Identity Protocol and etc.
Things to Things communications
In some cases, things communicate with other things, but
classical routing techniques can't be used.

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The IoT-GSI will approve a new IoT-Overview on which
aims to cover 02-2012 :
High level concept (vision)
Business and social drivers, ecosystem and business models
Essential terminology
Scope (applications/services, networks, M2M, devices, security,
enabling technologies, etc.)
Very High Level Requirements
Key features / key areas / key components
High level IoT diagrams
Taxonomies

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Identification Technology
Architecture Technology
Communication Technology
Network Technology
Network Discovery
Software and Algorithms
Hardware
Data and Signal Processing
Technology
Discovery and Search Engine
Technologies
Relationship Network Management
Technologies
Power and Energy Storage
Technologies
Security and Privacy Technologies
Standardization

From: Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things, March 2010
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf
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Privacy Concerns
Syverson et.al., 2005 38
Public domain:
Privacy: The risks of identification and profiling of consumers.
Security: The need to ensure secure exchange of information
through the IoT in particular when this has an impact on
consumers privacy.
Business Sphere:
Information security translates into the availability, reliability and
confidentiality of business data.

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What do we need on sensor/RFID?
Authentication of tags: proof of origin of products.
Authentication of readers: access control to tags
data/configuration.
Encryption: privacy anti-eavesdropping.
Secure point to point connection: data integrity.
Signatures by tags/objects: mobile readers and static tags.
Security standardization for ISO-18000 ongoing.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011.

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Scaling
Can/how do the things work in an IoT environment on a large
scale billions/trillions or more sensors/things?
Discovery
How do I find services? And how do I make my things
discoverable?
Performance
Moving towards event-driven, publish/subscribe, Complex Event
Processing mechanisms to optimize the flow of information.
Information can be stored as needed, filtered and sent to the
appropriate recipients/applications
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Standards Harmonization
Multiple standards need to be harmonized in order to realize
interoperability across systems.
Big Data
Things of IoT add to the growing amount of monitoring data that
is available to a wide range of users.
How do we effectively analyze all of this data and ensure that
meaningful and relevant data and decisions are made?
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Hua-Dong Ma () proposed:

Problem1: Data exchange among large-scale
heterogeneous network elements.
Problem2: Effective integration and interaction adaptation
of uncertain information.
Problem3: Service adaptation in the dynamic system
environment.
Topic1~Topic5
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on
The Internet of Things, 2011.
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Center ---
SIG-Green Sensing Platform(GSP)

SIG- Autonomous Reconfigurable Connectivity(ARC)


SIG-Context Analysis and Management(CAM)

SIG-Smart Sensing and Applications(SSA)



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Center ---




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Center ---





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SENSE(99)


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2D/3D
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We humans generate data, a lot of data as we
develop in time.
This data tells stories about our lives,
therefore we need to make art that captures it.








highlighted in red.
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Encoding Description
Sensor Model Language
(SensorML)
Describes and models processes, sensors, and systems of
sensors
Observations and Measurements
(O & M)
Format for encoding sensor observation data
SWE Common A common set of data types for describing sensor data, used by
SensorML and O & M
Web Service Description
Sensor Observation Service (SOS) Provides archived and near real-time access to sensors and their
data. Sensors are described in SensorML and sensor data
are described in O & M. Includes optional support for adding
new sensors and publishing their observations.
Sensor Planning Service (SPS) Provides access to controllable sensors and actuators and the
means to task those sensors/actuators in a standard way.
Sensor Alert Service (SAS) Provides the ability to subscribe to and receive sensor alerts in
real-time. Utilizes Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
(XMPP) for delivering alerts in real-time
Sensor Event Service (SES) Provides Complex Event Processing (CEP) and filtering of sensor
data streams
Web Notification Service (WNS) Standardized asynchronous messaging/notification mechanism
for receiving messages in many ways, including e-mail, Short
Message Service (SMS), phone, etc.
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Encoding Description
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) An OGC standard format for displaying geospatial data such as points, lines,
polygons, and images in many mapping applications including Google Earth.
Geography Markup Language
(GML)
An OGC standard format for describing geographic features like points, lines, and
polygons.
Web Service Description
Catalog Service for the Web
(CS/W)
Provides OGC web service and object discovery (i.e. sensors and other geographic
features)
Web Map Service (WMS) Provides access to raster map data (i.e. static images) that can be used to
generate a map background.
Web Feature Service (WFS) Provides access to vector map data (i.e. points, lines, and polygons). Could
provide access to location/information about things in the IoT, since these things
would be classified as features.
Web Coverage Service (WCS) Provides access to geographic coverage data (i.e. geographically distributed
measurements)
Web Processing Service (WPS) Provides a standard interface for discovering, describing, and executing geo-
processes.
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From: The Internet of Things What Challenges for Europe October 2008 www.voxinternet.org
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SWE
Client
Smart Appliances
WNS
SWE
Smart
Agents
SensorML System
- Thermometer(s)
- Ice/Water Dispenser Switch
- Door Switch
- RFID Reader

SPS
SAS
SOS
Sensor Observation Service
(SOS)
Sensor Planning Service
(SPS)
Sensor Alert Service (SAS)
Web Notification Service
(WNS)
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SWE
Client
Retrieve Inventory Data SOS
Where are my
keys?
RFID Reader
Sensor Observation Service
(SOS)
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Anthony Furness, "Insight into the Current Position of RFID-UK,
Europe and around the World," Intellect Wireless Council 21st
October 2010.

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Source Data: IDTechEx Ltd Report: RFID Forecasts, Players and Opportunities 2008-
2018
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