Dynamic Routing and RIP

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols

IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP (Border Gateway Protocol

Autonomous System 100 (used in same ISP network)

Autonomous System 200 (used b/w different ISP)

An autonomous system is one network or sets of networks under a single administrative control and with common routing policies. An autonomous system might be the set of all computer networks owned by a company

IGPs operate within an autonomous system EGPs connect different autonomous systems

Autonomous Numbers
1239 3356 7018 209 3561 3549 2914 6461 702 1299 5511 5459 6453 Sprintlink U.S. Domestic Level 3 AT&T WorldNet Qwest Cable and Wireless (aq'd by SAVVIS) Global Crossing Verio AboveNet UUnet (International) TeliaNet OpenTransit LINX Teleglobe

you can use any of the AS numbers 64512 through 65535. However, these numbers should NOT be seen on the global Internet

16631 Cogent

Classes of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector
C D B A

Hybrid Routing

B C D A

Link State

Distance Vector Routing Protocol

A distance-vector routing protocol is one of the two major classes of routing protocols used in packet-switched networks for computer communications. A distance-vector routing protocol requires that a router informs its neighbors of topology changes periodically and, in some cases, when a change is detected in the topology of a network.

Distance Vector Protocol

Distance
Distance is the cost of reaching a destination, usually based on the number of hosts the path passes through.

Vector
path selected by the routing protocol as the best path to the destination network. E.g. RIP Routing Internet Protocol IGRP- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

B C DistanceHow far VectorIn which direction A

D Routing Table

Routing Table

Routing Table

Routing Table

Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors

Distance VectorMaintaining Routing Information

Process to update this routing table Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires Process to update this routing table Topology change causes routing table update

Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

10.1.0.0
E0

10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0

10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0

10.4.0.0 C
E0

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 0 0

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 S0 S1 0 0

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 E0 0 0

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

10.1.0.0
E0

10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0

10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0

10.4.0.0 C
E0

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 E0 S0 S0 0 0 1

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0 S1 S1 S0 0 0 1 1

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0 S0 E0 S0 0 0 1

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

10.1.0.0
E0

10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0

10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0

10.4.0.0 C
E0

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S0 0 0 1 2

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0 S1 S1 S0 0 0 1 1

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0 E0 S0 S0 0 0 1 2

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Link-State Routing Protocols

Link-state protocols are those which requires a router to inform all the nodes in a network of topology changes It has lots of computational complexity and message overhead. Link state protocols know whether a link is up or down and how fast it is and calculates a cost to 'get there. link state protocols require more processing power

Hybrid Routing
Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Balanced Hybrid Routing Converge rapidly using change-based updates

makes decisions based on metric information it receives from neighbors, and it employs some of the mechanisms of link-state protocols. It establishes contact with neighboring routers, sends only changes in its updates. E.g. Enhanced IGRP

Protocols
Two types of protocols 1. Routing protocols RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF 2. Routed Protocols TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Apple Talk

RIP Overview
19.2 kbps T1 T1 T1

Hop count metric selects the path Maximum hops it support is 15 RIP v1 is a Class full routing &RIP v2 is Classless Routing

Dynamic Routing Configuration

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword] Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network <directly connected network> Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process Identifies the physically connected network that routing updates are forwarded to

RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Starts the RIP routing process Router(config-router)#network <directly connected network> Selects participating attached networks The network number must be a major classful network number

RIP Configuration Example

E0 10.16.1.0 10.16.1.1 A 20.1.1.1 20.1.1.2 S2 S2 B S3 30.2.2.2 S3 C 30.2.2.3 40.168.1.1 E0 40.168.1.0

Router A (config)#router rip Router A (config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router A (config-router)#network 20.0.0.0

Router C (config)#router rip Router C (config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 Router C (config-router)#network 40.0.0.0

Router B (config)#router rip Router B (config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router B (config-router)#network 30.0.0.0

RIP Timer Value

E0 10.16.1.0 10.16.1.1 A 20.1.1.1 20.1.1.2 S2 S2 B S3 30.2.2.2 S3 C 30.2.2.3 40.168.1.1 E0 40.168.1.0

Router update Timer : 30 seconds Router invalid timer : 180 seconds Holddown timer : 180 seconds

Router flush timer : 240 seconds

RIP Timer value

Update timer: Update interval for routing table Invalid timer: If a router does not receive an advertisement for a route in 180 seconds, the route is marked as unreachable. Hold down timer: interval for routing information to be stored. Flush timer: will force the route to be flushed (removed) from the routing table

RIP Configuration Example

E0 10.16.1.0 10.16.1.1 A 20.1.1.1 20.1.1.2 S2 S2 B S3 30.2.2.2 S3 C 30.2.2.3 40.168.1.1 E0 40.168.1.0

Router (config)#router rip Router (config-router)# timer basic <update > <invalid> <holddown> <flush> Router (config-router)# timer basic 30 180 180 240

Verifying the Routing ProtocolRIP

E0 172.16.1.0 172.16.1.1 A

S2 10.1.1.1

S2 10.1.1.2 B

S3 10.2.2.2

S3 C 10.2.2.3

E0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1

Verifying the Routing ProtocolRIP

RouterA#sh ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 12 Serial2 1 12 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance: (default is 120)

Command to view the Routing Table

172.16.1.0

E0 A 172.16.1.1

S2 10.1.1.1

S2 10.1.1.2 B

S3 10.2.2.2

S3 C 10.2.2.3

E0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1

Command to view the Routing Table

RouterA#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2

C R C R