Course Spatial Data Infrastructures GRS21304 / K075219 Period 1 2003-2004

INTRODUCTION
Case SDI-Use
Week 6
6 October 2003 (10.30 12.30)

Joep Crompvoets (+ Mary-Ellen Feeney)

Overview SDIs & Decision Support 1. Introduction & Background 2. Decision Process
   Availability Accessibility Applicability

3. Types of Decision-Making 4. Supporting Decision Makers through the SDI Hierarchy 5. Examples & Discussion 6. Introduction case SDI-Use

SDIs & Decision Support SDI is developed to enable ready access to spatial information to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes

SDIs & Decision Support The purpose of SDI is always to support some form of decision, regardless of the application area

What is significant about Spatial Decision-Making?

 spatial information is one of the most critical elements underpinning decisionmaking for many disciplines,

 an estimated 90% of all information used by government has spatial characteristics or attributes,

Spatial Data & Information

 70-80 % cost of any GIS project is spent for data collection, maintenance,...

 the same data sets will be collected by different agencies again & again.

SDI Decision-Support Motivations  Avoiding costly duplication of data c collection & maintenance  & encouraging access to common & up-to-date data for all to use in their decision-making.  What is the significance of this?

SDI Decision-Support Capability  Facilitates the Decision Process AND  Facilitates different Types of Decision- Making

SDI and The Decision Process

Data Collection

Real World
Take Action

Data Sources
Input of Data

Data Management Users

Information for decision-making Data Retrieval & Analysis

Analysis

SDI and the Decision Process

Spatial Data Infrastructure  Availability  Accessibility  Applicability The Decision Process Information for decision-making Enabling action in the real world

SDI and The Decision Process

Available to use in decisionmaking

Number of Datasets

Accessible to the decision-maker Applicable to the problem using available technologies

Data options for decision-making

Available for use in DecisionMaking

Science
Different Specialist & Process Knowledge e.g. biophysical & socioeconomic systems Existing egs of problems to be addressed Between departments & organisations

Management

Application Areas
Different Fields Locations Disciplines

Accessible to Decision Makers

Policies
Privacy

Skills and Training

Stakeholders
Decision Makers

Pricing

Access

To find, download, use data

Who ? Needs ? Incentives ?

Decision Processes

Applicable to the Problem

Data

For overlay & analysis

Models

Tools Interface

Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for decision support

Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

Applicable to the Problem

Data
Type, content, format, metadata, language, availability, volume etc.
            

Models
Biophysical Socioeconomic metadata and meta models

  

      

For overlay & analysis

Interoperability & flexibility to work with other tools for Tools Interface decision support
GIS - statistics, maths, visualization, wayfinding algorithms etc.

Usability, adaptability, user interfaces

Graphical user interfaces, visual programming languages, HTML, XML, GML, web based technology etc.

Applicable to the Problem E.G.

Data GIS + Models
Grain Yield Prediction Soils, Climate, Topography etc.

Interface

Demographic & Where people live & Economic Grain demand for these settlements etc.

The combination of basic data, yield modelling, & human demand & location analysis provides a way to evaluate food security

SDI Decision-Support Capability  Facilitates the Decision Process AND  Facilitates different Types of Decision-Making

SDI Development SDI is an initiative intended to enable all spatial data stakeholders to cooperate with each other & interact with technology
in an effective and efficient way to better achieve their objectives within an administrative or political level

SDI Development
Less detailed data

Global SDI The principle objective for any stakeholder is to support their decision-making.
More detailed Data data

Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Corporate SDI

What types of DecisionMaking ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational

What types of DecisionMaking ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Strategic decision-making is concerned with long-term goals & policies for resource allocation/management to meet defined objectives

What types of DecisionMaking ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Tactical decision-making is concerned with the acquisition & efficient utilization of resources to achieve defined goals

What types of DecisionMaking ?

Organisational theory classifies decision-making into fundamentally three different types: Strategic Management or Tactical Operational Operational decisionmaking is concerned with the effective & efficient use of resources for execution of specific tasks

Types of Decision-Making
Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting

More Unstructured

Operational

Tactical/Managerial

Strategic

More structured

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

Types of Decision-Making
Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting

More Unstructured

More structured

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

computer-based systems support spatial decision-making through data collection & management visualisation, analysis & integration modelling & forecasting & allowing more effective & efficiently execution For example GIS, DSS

The development of increasingly complex spatial decision-support tools to assist in different types of decision-making is reported in A trend in Automated Cartography (Kelmelis, 2001)
Web-based DSS Internet GIS Mobile Location-based Services & Solutions Web-based Spatial Data Clearinghouses Spatially Enabled Databases GIS 1970 1985 1995 2000 2005

Time

Types of Decision-Making
Emphasis is on modeling how the world works/ potential realities & planning
Often less detailed data available & so requires good tools for modeling & forecasting

More Unstructured

Operational

Tactical/Managerial

Strategic

More structured

Requires detailed data & uses tools for analysis & integration

Emphasis is on analyzing relationships & representing how the world looks/ reality & acting

Types of Decision-Making

More Unstructured

Increasing decision-making complexity

More structured

What do we mean by Decision Complexity?

 The number of criteria to be considered  The number of decision makers or people involved in the decision process  The location of decisions in time & space

Why is it important that SDIs support different types of decision-making?

 Strategic vs Managerial/Tactical vs Operational  With different levels of complexity  Utilizing a variety of decision-support tools
To support the objectives of stakeholders making decisions at different administrative & political levels

Decision-Making & the SDI Hierarchy

Decision-Making SDI Level

Strategic Management/ Tactical

Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI

Operational

Local SDI Corporate SDI

SDI need to support different types of decision-making To support the objectives of & between different political & administrative levels in the SDI hierarchy.

Example 1: Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa

Operational
Decision-Making

Management/ Tactical
Decision-Making

Strategic
Decision-Making

Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI
Malaria Endemnicity Data Malaria Seasonality Data Malaria Occurrence Data Spatial Models on geographic distribution, seasonality & endemnicity Continental Malaria distribution Maps

Used for planning, intervention & prevention by national & international health officials

Example 2: Food Insecurity in Africa

Operational
Decision-Making

Management/ Tactical
Decision-Making

Strategic
Decision-Making

Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI
Satellite Imagery Estimates of animal/veg amt & vigour Yield data Market & condition monitoring 17 countries participate in Famine Early Warning System Predictive rainfall/ weather data

Example 3: Water Insecurity in Victoria

Operational
Decision-Making

Management/ Tactical
Decision-Making

Strategic
Decision-Making

Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI
Estimates of distribution & qty reserves
Restriction thresholds &
implementation

Fire risk, Drought risk, Export commitments (e.g. wheat)etc. Predictive rainfall/ weather data Predictive consumption

Case SDI-Policy
DESCRIPTION Yesterday (5 October, 2003), a national disaster happened in Utopia. The East part of the country (Purgatory Town) was hit by an earthquake (7.8 on the scale of Richter). The whole area is in ruins. Thousands of people died and many more are injured. The local fire stations and hospitals are damaged and not operational. Since an implemented SDI is missing and local archives are ruined, access to data sources for (vital) geo-information about the area has become impossible.

Purgatory city

Today (8:00 AM), the Minister of State for the Interior received the "master plan" which your SDI-project team had submitted last Friday. During this week he will have several meetings with your team about the proposals included that document, because next Friday he has to present and defend the national SDI master plan in the parliament. After having gone through your report a first time, he asks your team whether the suggested SDI (if implemented) would have suited the current needs of the emergency services for decision-making. In addition, he notices that in his opinion several potential SDI-users and their SDIrequirements are missing. He wants to receive a reply to his question and a revised list of potential users on the shortest possible term.

Assignment Extend the current list of the potential SDI-users. Define for each of these the user requirements for decision-making. Trace, whether the proposed Utopia SDI, if available now, would have survived the earthquake, and if so, whether it could have supported the emergency services for their decision-making under the circumstances the earthquake has caused. Motivate your answer.

Objectives List the (emergency) users Determine their main Level of hierarchy Determine their SDI-requirements for decision-making Analyze (proposed) Utopian SDI suitability to meet these requirements (especially in case of emergency). Determine criteria for analysis

Good luck with the case assignment